As an emerging marketing channel, live-streaming e-commerce plays a vital role in promoting the sales and distribution of agricultural products. This paper selects Douyin, a representative live-streaming e-commerce platform, as a case study. Leveraging machine learning and data mining technologies, we collected 43,000 pieces of live-streaming e-commerce data and 867 observational samples. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we comprehensively analyzed the influence mechanism of live-streaming e-commerce on agricultural product sales performance, considering multiple factors including anchor personal characteristics, anchor activity levels, livestream popularity, and livestore characteristics.The results indicate that: 1) Anchor personal characteristics, activity levels, and livestream popularity significantly enhance agricultural product sales performance. 2) Follower count exerts a significant positive effect on sales, and the aforementioned anchor and livestream characteristics further boost sales through the mediating effect of follower count. 3) The impact exhibits heterogeneity across different follower tiers. The influence of anchor personal characteristics grows stronger with larger follower bases. Furthermore, the effects of anchor activity, livestream popularity, and follower count may reverse (i.e., become negative) due to factors such as audience maturity, sensitivity to waiting times (e.g., delivery), and variations in consumption preferences.Finally, this paper proposes policy recommendations for the government, platforms, and anchors to optimize the live-streaming e-commerce model, boost agricultural product sales, and increase farmer income. These findings provide micro-level decision-making insights for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.

A resilient urban economic system under the complex economic situation has become an inevitable requirement for social and economic development, and the vigorous vitality of digital economy provides impetus for the enhancement of urban economic resilience. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution process and characteristics of digital economy and urban economic resilience in China, tests the impact of digital economy on urban economic resilience, and further analyzes the time series evolution and structural of its impact. The results show that: 1) The level of urban economic resilience shows a multi-point scattered distribution, and there is a significant spatial differentiation between the north and the south. 2) The digital economy can significantly enhance the resilience of urban economy. 3) The structure analysist shows that digital innovation elements, digital industrialization and industrial digitalization have a great impact on urban economic resilience. The time series analysis shows that the enhancement effect of the improvement of the development level of digital economy on the resilience of urban economy is increasing year by year, among which the impact of digital industrialization, industrial digitalization and digital innovation factors on the resilience of urban economy also has an increasing time series analysis. According to the research conclusions, this paper puts forward relevant development suggestions.

This article embeds the input-output table between regions in China into the GTAPV11 database, constructs a global generalized equilibrium model embedded with 31 provinces in China, and simulates the impact of US tariffs on major economies and Chinese regions under the background of Trump 2.0. The research results indicate that: 1)The GDP of the United States has significantly declined, while China has demonstrated strong resilience to external shocks through its domestic circulation and diversified exports. Other economies such as the European Union, Japan, South Korea, and ASEAN have generally benefited from trade transfer effects. 2)The southeastern coastal regions (such as Guangdong and Shanghai) and inland areas with higher levels of vertical specialization have been greatly impacted, while other regions have not been significantly affected; 3) Although the imposition of tariffs by the United States has a protective effect on some key industries in the short term, it will have significant negative effects in the long run; Although China's key industries have been impacted in the short term, they are showing a long-term growth trend with the adjustment of the domestic supply chain. 4) Labor-intensive industries in various provinces have generally declined, but border provinces may benefit against the trend due to lower labor costs; Technology industries are more affected in export-oriented and processing trade provinces, while they show strong resilience in provinces with more complete industrial systems; The supply chain integration industry represented by the transportation equipment manufacturing industry has shown good shock resistance.

This article intends to systematically interpret the connotation characteristics of digitalization in the tourism industry, and use CiteSpace bibliometric analysis tool to conduct a horizontal comparative analysis of the author co-occurrence, research hotspots, topic clustering, and cutting-edge trends in tourism digitalization research both domestically and internationally. The results indicate that: 1) The digitalization of the tourism industry refers to the phenomenon and process of realizing the digital transformation of all elements, links, and chains of the tourism industry, with digital infrastructure as the prerequisite, digital economic environment as the key support, digital investment in tourism as the core content, and digital benefits of tourism as the ultimate manifestation based on the digital infrastructure. 2) Since 2000, the research results on digitalization of the tourism industry at home and abroad have steadily increased, and the gap between the number of domestic publications and that of foreign countries in the same period has gradually narrowed. However, the number of highly recognizable authors is relatively small, and the degree of communication and cooperation among research institutions is low. 3) From the results of keyword network co-occurrence, domestic research mainly involves high-frequency words such as tourism digitalization, smart tourism, tourism informatization, online tourism, tourism big data, etc. Foreign research focuses more on tourism activities, smart tourism, virtual reality technology, non-contact tourism, smart tourism destinations, COVID-19 epidemic and other hot spots. 4) Domestic research mainly focuses on three fields: the integration and innovation of digital tourism, the application of digital technology, and strategic policy guidance. Foreign research focuses on three directions: the construction of digital cultural tourism scenes, the intelligent utilization of tourism resources, and the application of digital technology in tourism. However, there is a lack of synchronization and consistency in the timing of keyword emergence and content. Based on the above, the article discusses and looks forward to strengthening academic cooperation at home and abroad, refining the research field of digital tourism enterprises, strengthening the research on digital transformation of the tourism industry, and forward-looking research on digital governance of the entire tourism industry.

Adequate mobility of labor resources is an important part of smooth domestic circulation. This article explores the impact and transmission mechanism of the digital economy on labor mobility by using conditional Logit model with the data of China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2011-2018. It's found that: 1) The digital economy significantly promotes labor mobility, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests and endogeneity treatments such as replacing the independent variables. 2) From the perspective of cities, the development of the digital economy mainly significantly promotes labor mobility in areas located in the west of the Hu Huanyong Line and large cities. From the perspective of individual, the digital economy promotes labor mobility more strongly for males and labor force with low-skill level. 3) The digital economy promotes labor mobility mainly through the channels of reducing individual search costs, regional transaction costs, increasing employment opportunities and reducing inter-regional barriers. The research conclusions provide new arguments for the optimal allocation of labor resources in the process of digital economy development, which is an important inspiration for the optimal allocation of resources in the construction of a unified national market.

The high-quality integrated development of culture and tourism embodies distinctive characteristics of new quality productive forces development, and is a pivotal component in advancing China's high-quality economic growth. It is imperative to advance research on the high-quality integrated development of culture and tourism in the new historical context. This article systematically examines the evolution of China's cultural-tourism nexus, elucidates theoretical foundations and implementation pathways, and constructs a three-dimensional theoretical system encompassing：the dialectical relationship between theoretical postulates and practical imperatives, conceptual framework development, and typological spectrum analysis. Future research should prioritize four interconnected domains：contextualization creation and stakeholder dynamics, endogenous growth mechanisms, operationalization strategies, and policy system. This study aims to establish a "typical case library" for the high-quality integrated development of culture and tourism, and continuously deepen the systematic research and theoretical interpretation of the high-quality integrated development of culture and tourism. It is of great significance for building an independent knowledge system for the development of culture and tourism in China.

This paper selects 88 counties in Guizhou Province as the research object and constructs a county tourism competitiveness evaluation index system covering four dimensions: development, resources, elements, and management. It measures the tourism competitiveness scores of each county using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method and systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of these scores. Based on the obstacle degree model, the main obstacle factors constraining the enhancement of county tourism competitiveness in Guizhou Province are further identified and analyzed. The results indicate that: 1) From 2014 to 2023, the overall competitiveness of county-level tourism in Guizhou Province has steadily improved, accompanied by a notable spatial agglomeration effect. However, the development gap between regions has widened, exhibiting a structural differentiation pattern characterized by "the strong becoming stronger and the weak becoming weaker". 2) The spatial distribution of tourism competitiveness across counties in Guizhou is markedly uneven. Counties with high competitiveness are mainly concentrated in economically developed and well-connected areas such as Guiyang, Zunyi, and Liupanshui, while remote mountainous and ethnic minority regions exhibit relatively weak competitiveness. 3) The core obstacles limiting the improvement of county tourism competitiveness include poor ecological environment quality, weak economic foundations, and inadequate transportation accessibility. 4) The main categories of barriers faced by counties include development-related, resource-related, factor-related, and management-related obstacles. Due to disparities in resource endowments and stages of development across counties, there is significant heterogeneity in both the types of obstacles encountered and their degrees of influence.

Considering that rural e-commerce has become an important channel for linking smallholder farmers to large markets, and that many major production areas of geographical indications (GIs) are encouraging farmers to participate in rural e-commerce, it is necessary to investigate the online premium of GIs and its underlying mechanisms. Based on actual transaction data of rice products from JD.com, this paper utilizes the hedonic price model to estimate the online price premium of GIs more accurately and examines the indirect mechanism of GIs generating online price premiums from the perspectives of online reputation and traceability. The results of the study show that: 1) GIs are able to generate online price premiums, but online price premiums decrease as the price range increases. 2) GIs help accumulate a good online reputation and promote the use of product traceability codes, which in turn generates online price premiums. 3) The online price premium of GIs varies across regions, with GI rice from western areas or non-major grain-producing regions able to generate a higher online price premium. 4) Functional labels such as selenium-enriched, low-protein, and germ weaken the online price premium of GIs, while there is no evidence that organic certification substitutes for GIs.

Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and an important focus for promoting high-quality development. This paper constructs an evaluation index system from three dimensions: technological innovation capability, industrial transformation and upgrading, and innovative allocation of production factors to measure the level of new quality productive forces in 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2022. The Moran's I, kernel density estimation, Markov chain transition matrix, Dagum Gini coefficient, and convergence model are used to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution pattern, regional differences, and convergence characteristics of new quality productivity development. Furthermore, the obstacle degree model and geographic detector model are used to explore the influencing factors of new quality productivity development. The findings reveal that: 1) During the research period, the level of new quality productivity in China steadily increased over time, with a clear decreasing distribution pattern of "high in the east and low in the west". 2) The development level exhibits a positive spatial correlation, with high-level neighboring regions positively impacting their adjacent areas. 3) From the perspective of regional differences, there are large regional disparities in the development level of China's new quality productivity, with the contribution of inter-regional differences taking the first place, followed by intra-regional differences, and that there are significant absolute β-convergence and conditional β-convergence characteristics in the whole country as well as the three major regions of the eastern, central, and western regions. 4) From the perspective of influencing factors, scientific and technological innovation capacity is the core factor in cultivating and developing new quality productivity, openness, informatization, labor force level, and transportation infrastructure are the main driving factors that lead to the spatial differentiation characteristics of new quality productivity across the country as well as in the eastern, middle, and western regions.

This article focuses on five core issues of new urbanization under the background of Chinese path to modernization for in-depth discussion: enhancing the modernization quality of new urbanization, the development mode and planning-construction-governance level of megacities and super-large cities, the integration of urban and rural areas and ecological environment problems, promoting the urbanization of migrant workers, exploring a new-type urbanization path that suits China's national conditions. Under the background of Chinese path to modernization, this article puts forward five suggestions: 1) It should continuously promote people-centered urbanization, focuse on optimizing public service supply and build livable, resilient and smart cities. 2) It should coordinate regional development, optimize the spatial layout of towns, and build a new pattern of coordinated development of large, medium and small cities relying on urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas. 3) It should promote the integrated and coordinated development of urban and rural areas, facilitate the two-way flow of elements and resource sharing between urban and rural areas, and promote the integration of urban and rural industries, infrastructure connectivity, and equalization of basic public services. 4) It should vigorously promote the innovation-driven development strategy and accelerate the construction of innovative cities. 5) It should follow a sustainable development path of healthy urbanization that suits China's national conditions, focus on ecological protection, and achieve the comprehensive green transformation and development of urban economy and society.

The signing and entry into force of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has catalyzed the reorganization of the global economic map. Spanning two oceans (the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean), RCEP serves as a critical gateway for China to engage with the world and a frontier for its external circulation. Clarifying the evolution and mechanisms of geopolitical relations among RCEP member countries not only provides academic support for promoting healthy development of geopolitical relations between China and RCEP member countries but also enriches the research on geopolitical dynamics. Based on the voting data from the United Nations General Assembly, this study conducted a geopolitical relationship network of RCEP member countries, revealing the evolution of regional geopolitical relations and structures through the logic of "subject-relationship-structure". Additionally, it analyzes the spatial mechanisms of these relations using fsQCA (fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis). The results show that: 1) Among the RCEP member countries, ASEAN has a high level of geopolitical affinity, while Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Republic of Korea are low. 2) The geopolitical relationship network of RCEP member countries initially showed the spatial structure of China-ASEAN affinity cluster and Japan-Australia-New Zealand affinity triangle. Over time, the group structure first expanded and then contracted, centering on ASEAN. While the Japan-Australia-New Zealand affinity triangle structure weakened and eventually dissolved, reflecting an increasingly polarized trend in geopolitical relations. 3) The community structure of regional relations among RCEP member countries is influenced by both American geopolitical factors and geographical proximity. China and Myanmar have consistently remained stable within the core community, while sub-communities have evolved from an Indo-China Peninsula cluster to a Malay Archipelago cluster. The US allies in the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia have always formed exclusive communities respectively. 4) Geographic proximity is a prerequisite for the formation of friendly geopolitical relations, and trade interdependence among neighboring countries has gradually become an indispensable condition. Geographical distance and institutional differences are important factors hindering the development of geopolitical relations.

Based on the collection data of Douyin users on tourist attractions of eastern China, this paper uses multi-distance spatial cluster analysis to analyze the spatial pattern of network attention of tourist attractions of eastern China with high attention of Douyin, uses spatial autocorrelation analysis to analyze its spatial differentiation pattern, and uses geographic detectors to explore its possible influencing factors. The research shows that: 1) The tourist attractions of eastern China with high network attention degree in Douyin are mostly distributed in coastal cities, and there are also significant differences in the number of tourist attractions with high network attention degree in Douyin among coastal cities. At the prefecture level, the network attention degree of tourist attractions of eastern China in Douyin shows an unbalanced distribution pattern, which is higher in the middle of eastern China and lower in both sides of eastern China. 2) Tourist attractions of eastern China with high-level network attention degree in Douyin show the agglomeration distribution pattern. 3) The network attention degree of tourist attractions of eastern China in Douyin shows a positive spatial correlation, and the degree of spatial agglomeration is relatively high. The spatial correlation pattern of network attention degree of tourist attractions of eastern China in Douyin basically corresponds to the differentiation pattern at the prefecture level. The high-value areas are mainly distributed in the central part of eastern China, while the medium and low-value areas are inlaid in the rest areas of eastern China. 4) The interactions of total passenger transport, the number of A-level scenic spots, permanent resident population and the number of mobile phone users at the end of the year have significant impact on the network attention degree of of tourist attractions in Douyin.

Promoting the equalization of basic public services between urban and rural areas is a key pathway to enhancing household consumption, boosting domestic demand, and advancing high-quality economic development. Based on panel data from 272 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2012 to 2022, this study constructs an index system for urban-rural basic public service equalization and empirically examines its impact on household consumption, underlying mechanisms, and spatial effects. The findings reveal that: 1) Urban-rural basic public service equalization and household consumption both exhibit significant spatial clustering, with the development pattern shifting from a dispersed "multi-point" distribution to a more clustered "grouped" configuration. Major urban agglomerations such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, Chengdu-Chongqing, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area have become the primary high-agglomeration regions. 2) Equalization of basic public services significantly promotes household consumption and generates strong positive spatial spillover effects. 3) Mechanism analysis indicates that public service equalization boosts consumption through income and expectation effects. 4) Heterogeneity analysis further indicates that the consumption-promoting effects of public service equalization are more pronounced in regions with high spatial clustering and in cities with lower levels of economic development. Based on these findings, this study suggests accelerating the equalization of urban-rural basic public services, enhancing cross-regional coordination in public service provision, fully leveraging spatial spillover effects, and continuously unlocking household consumption potential.

This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of platform economy from three dimensions:infrastructure, participating entities, and operating results, measures its development level in 31 provincial-level regions of China from 2013 to 2021. It uses the methods of modified gravity model and social network analysis to explore the spatial correlation characteristics and evolution process of platform economy development, and uses QAP regression model to verify its formation mechanism. It's found that:1) The spatial correlation of platform economy development in China is manifested as a typical network layer structure with multiple threads and a center-periphery structure. The spatial correlation of platform economy development has weakened, and the overall network structure still needs further optimization. 2) 10 provincial-level regions play the role of "engines" in the network, 7 provincial-level regions play the roles of "intermediaries" and "bridges" in the network, 10 provincial-level regions play the role of "central actors" in the network. 3) There is a significant spatial spillover effect among the net beneficiary sector, broker sector, bidirectional spillover sector, and net spillover sector, but there exist problems of reverse spillover and non-equilibrium. 4) The formation of spatial correlation in platform economy is influenced by multiple factors, the differences in economic development level, market competition level, technological innovation level, and social consumption level have significant positive impact on it, while differences in geographical distance, industrial structure, and platform infrastructure level have negative impact on it.

The high-quality development of tourism resorts is of great significance to build the world-class tourist destinations and meet the people's needs for a better life in China. Based on the methods of secondary data collection, semi-structured interviews and textual analysis, this paper explores the driving forces and models of domestic tourism resort development. It's found that: 1) Market, capital and government are three key dimensions of the development patterns of tourism resorts. 2) Domestic tourism resorts have experienced three phases of development since 1990s: policy incentive and market cultivation, institutional construction and rapid expansion, and high-quality development and innovation. 3) The interaction of market, capital and government prompts the formation of the unique development path of Chinese tourism resorts, and further facilitates three development types: demand-led type, investment-led type and policy-led type. This paper deepens the understanding of the evolution of tourism resorts in China, which contributes to the high-quality development of domestic resorts. It puts forward the driving mechanism of tourism resort development in non-Western contexts.

Based on the data of Douyin, this paper reveals the spatial distribution pattern and structural characteristics of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages in Zhejiang Province and explores its influencing factors by the means of. The methods of rank-size, kernel density, nearest neighbor index and GeoDetector. The research findings are as follows: 1) The scenic-spot villages with higher network attention degree have obvious advantages, while the scenic-spot villages with high and low network attention degrees have poorly development. 2) The kernel density distribution of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages presents a T-shaped spatial agglomeration structure which have five core agglomeration areas. 3) The kernel density distribution of the network attention degree of three types of scenic-spot villages presents a spatial pattern which is one area with low-level kernel density, two areas with high-level kernel density, and distinct differentiation. 4) The regional economic level and service industry support are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages. Vegetation coverage rate, the living standards of rural residents, and the network penetration level also affect the spatial distribution of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages. Moreover, the results of the interaction detection of influencing factors show that the effect of multiple factors is stronger than that of a single factor. 5) The influencing degrees of the driving factors for three types of scenic-spot villages are different. The network penetration level is the most influential factor for the spatial distribution of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages which belong to the type of characteristic leisure. The regional economic level is the most influential factor for the spatial distribution of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages which belong to the types of folk-custom and culture, and nature-ecology. However, vegetation coverage rate and air quality are the factors with relatively large influence on the spatial distribution of the network attention degree of scenic-spot villages which belong to the type of nature-ecology.

On the basis of deconstructing the coupling coordination mechanism between new quality productive forces and regional economic resilience, this study reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of the coordinated development between new quality productive forces and economic resilience from 2012 to 2022, and identifies its key driving factors using the methods of "VHSD-EM" model, coupling coordination degree, Dagum Gini coefficient and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. It’s found that: 1) New quality productive forces exhibited a steady upward trend in 2012-2022, and economic resilience showed a fluctuating upward trend of "annual growth-relative slowdown-rapid rise-slight decline". 2) The coupling coordination between new quality productive forces and economic resilience had gone through a process from the verge of imbalance to the coordination. There was a significant positive spatial correlation in the coupling coordination degree, and the spatial pattern of cold and hot spots generally showed a trend of southeast-northwest direction. 3) Regional differences were the main source of spatial differences in coupling coordination, and showed a slight growth trend. 4) The key driving factors for the coordinated development between new quality productive forces and economic resilience were gradually expanding from early innovative transformation and new labor materials to new quality workers and new quality labor objects, and then to adaptive adjustment factors.

With the deepening of all-for-one tourism, building tourism corridors and optimizing tourism spatial layout have become inevitable choices for cultural-tourism integration and achieving sustainable development. Taking Weinan City of Shaanxi Province as research area, this study identifies tourism tourism core nodes based on the user visit volume and review volume of Ctrip, and then uses the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and gravity model to delineate tourism corridors of Weinan City and evaluate the tourism network structure under multiple development scenarios. The results are as follows: 1) The foundational tourism spatial structure comprises 44 tourism core nodes interconnected by 118 tourism corridors (44 primary corridors, 15 secondary corridors, 59 tertiary corridors). The total length of the tourism corridors is 2423.02 km, with 46 tourism "pinch points" and 28 tourism obstacle points. 2) Scenario simulations demonstrate that the comprehensive development scenario of increasing tourism source areas has limited effectiveness in improving the tourism network efficiency, while the optimized development scenario of reducing tourism source areas proves more effective in enhancing the network system compared to the comprehensive development scenario. 3) Based on the comprehensive tourism resistance surface of Weinan City, this study categorizes tourism development zones into three types of areas: extremely important areas, important areas, and generally important areas. It proposes differentiated tourism development strategies, and provides a scientific basis for high-quality development of cultural-tourism integration in Weinan City and China.

Based on the construction of the evaluation system of territorial development intensity and urban livability, this paper uses the comprehensive adaptation model, optimal parameter GeoDetector and other methods to explore the spatiotemporal adaptation characteristics between territorial development intensity and urban livability in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2005 to 2022 and its influencing factors. The results show that: 1) Territorial development intensity and urban livability both showed a fluctuating growth trend during the study period, with the intensity of territorial development increasing from 0.071 in 2005 to 0.570 in 2022, and urban livability increasing from 0.087 in 2005 to 0.704 in 2022. 2) The spatial adaptation types changed from a relatively poor adaptation at the early stage to a relative adaptation at the end. Clustering characteristics were significant, high-value regions displayed spatial lock-in characteristics. 3)The influence of natural environment and economic development on adaptation was strong, and the interaction between economic development and other factors was significant, with adaptation gradually increasing under the combined effect of natural environment, economic development, urban construction, policy support and other factors.

Clarifying the dynamic interaction relationship and driving mechanisms between tourism development intensity and ecosystem function is crucial for fostering harmonious coexistence between human and nature in ecologically fragile tourism destinations. Taking Guizhou Province as the research area, and based on the theory of human-land relationships, this paper constructs a coupling research framework between tourism development intensity (TDI) and ecosystem function (EF), and uses the set pair analysis method to measure the scores of TDI and EF. It uses the methods of panel vector autoregressive model, coupling coordination model and geographical detector model to reveal the long-term dynamic interaction relationship, coupling coordination types and driving mechanism of spatiotemporal differentiation between TDI and EF. The findings indicate that: 1) There exists a stable long-term equilibrium relationship between TDI and EF in Guizhou Province. The impact degree of TDI on EF surpasses the bestowal effect of EF on TDI. 2) During the study period, the coupling coordination between TDI and EF is long-term and relatively stable in structure. The coupling coordination level in the study area showed a continuous improvement trend, internal disparities initially converged before diffusing again. Hotspot areas of coupling coordination levels are primarily located in the "Guiyang-Zunyi-Qiannan" region. Furthermore, spatial spillover effects exist among neighboring areas with observable jump transfer phenomena across varying levels of coupling coordination. 3) The overall trend of the coupling coordination types between TDI and EF is good in the study area, the coupling subtypes have transitioned from disordered or declining states towards barely coordinated or fully coordinated developmental stages. 4) Natural static factors exhibit limited explanatory power regarding degrees of coupling coordination. Social, economic and government dynamic factors demonstrate significantly greater explanatory power to the coupling coordination degree.

Private economic-dominated towns serve as a special type of towns which achieves industrialization and urbanization dominated by private enterprises "from the bottom up" in the process of rural industrialization. At present, there are few quantitative studies on the spatial distribution and its influencing factors of enterprises in private economic-dominated towns. This article takes Chendai, Jinjiang, Fujian Province as an example, the place where Sociologist Fei Xiaotong put forward the "Jinjiang Model" and where there is a world-class footwear and clothing production bases. Based on data of footwear and clothing enterprise, as well as built environment and socioeconomic data of Chendai in 2023, this article systematically analyzes the spatial patterns and influencing factors of footwear and clothing enterprises in Chendai by adopting a comprehensive approach including Kernel Density Estimation, Standard Deviation Ellipse, Spatial Autocorrelation and Geographically Weighted Regression. The results reveal that footwear and clothing enterprises in Chendai present the spatial characteristics of "multi-point agglomeration with some zonal distribution", while enterprises in different industrial chain links show significant spatial differentiation. Built environment mainly affects the manufacturing links, social economy and facility conditions mainly affect the upstream design-and-development link, the downstream packaging-sales link and other links, while business environment mainly affects the upstream design-and-development link and the midstream finished-product-manufacturing link. The influences of above factors show obvious spatial heterogeneity. This article will provide references for optimizing industrial layout and maintaining healthy and sustainable economic development of private economic-dominated towns.

Digital economy is an important force driving the regional green development and a strategic need to empower the high-quality integration in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. This paper uses the methods of econometric regression model and chain mediation model to explore the mechanism of digital development on the green development efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta region. It's found that: 1) Both digital development and green development efficiency in the YRD region are rapidly improving, and have significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity and non-equilibrium development characteristics. 2) The digital economy can positively affect the green development efficiency through the parallel intermediary paths and chain intermediary paths of urban intercity cooperation on innovation, industrial structure upgrading and green technological innovation, with the total intermediary effect coefficient of 0.861, and the independent intermediary effect and chain intermediary effect accounting for 70.15% and 29.85%, respectively. 3) The impact intensity of the digital economy on the green development efficiency has heterogeneity in different grades of cities, the digital economy development is more able to promote the improvement of urban green development efficiency in high-grade cities. The research conclusions can provide decision-making references for the coordinated development of digitalization and greening in the Yangtze River Delta region and other areas.

Forest wellness plays an important role in promoting public health. This paper takes ecological wellness suitability, landscape wellness suitability, dietary wellness suitability and cultural wellness suitability as the first-level criteria, and selects 18 indicators to construct the evaluation system of forest wellness suitability. Based on the above, it evaluates and zones the suitability of forest wellness in Hubei Province, and puts forward ideas and suggestions of product development in each region. It's found that: 1) The forest wellness suitability level is low in the plain areas of Hubei Province and high in the mountainous areas of Hubei Province. Overall, it presents the circular spatial differentiation pattern which is low in the middle of Hubei Province and high around the periphery of Hubei Province. 2) According to the suitability level and composition, the development of forest wellness industry in Hubei Province can be divided into four first-level regions (priority development zone, key development zone, local development zone and precise development zone) and eight second-level regions. 3) The development of forest wellness products in Hubei Province should be tailor to the person, the place, and the time, and implement a multi-level development strategy of diversification, specialization, synergy and empowerment.

This study focuses on a distributed renewable electricity production-storage-consumption integrated system, conceptualized as the Zero-Carbon Energy Prosumerage System (ZEPS), comprehensively evaluates its economic and carbon reduction benefits through theoretical modeling and cost-benefit analysis. Key findings include: 1)when the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of ZEPS is lower than the electricity purchase price, the utility level of the energy users improves; 2)for a typical Chinese household, a 10 kW photovoltaic system paired with a 10 kW·h storage system yields an average net present value (NPV) of approximately 37802 CNY over 25 years, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 6.08%, an LCOE of 0.28 CNY/kW·h, and an average annual CO₂ emissions reduction of 6.13 tons; 3)regional analysis reveals that, influenced by solar irradiation, electricity price levels, and regional electricity carbon emission factors, ZEPS exhibits higher economic and carbon reduction benefits in North and Northeast China (e.g. Shandong and Heilongjiang), while benefits are relatively lower in Southwest regions (e.g. Guizhou and Chongqing). Accordingly, it is recommended to leverage the dual economic and environmental value of ZEPS, promote pilot implementations in advantaged regions, and gradually expand deployment, thereby accelerating the release of diverse actors' transformation potential and enabling the zero-carbon transition through integrated system solution.

Establishing the imperative for green economic development, this study first quantifies green economic performance using a non-radial SBM model incorporating undesirable outputs. Concurrently,industrial capacity utilization is measured via a composite network DEA model, with decomposition into supply-side and demand-side components. Thereafter, employing spatial panel methodologies grounded in adjacency, inverse distance, and nested economic-geographic weight matrices, evaluated are the spatial spillover effects of green economic advancement upon industrial capacity utilization. Mechanism analysis is conducted through both supply-side and demand-side channels. Finally, regional heterogeneity is examined through separate analyses of eastern, central, and western China. The empirical results indicate: 1) Green economic development not only elevates local industrial capacity utilization via agglomeration effects, but also enhances utilization in neighboring regions through diffusion effects, thereby mitigating the constraining influence of the "Hu Huanyong Line" on economic geography. 2) The promotion effect of green economy development on industrial capacity utilization is mainly manifested as direct effects on the supply-side and spillover effects on the demand-side. 3) Despite significant regional economic disparities, green economic development contributes to fostering greater regional coordination.

Developing the new quality productive forces is a crucial choice to promote high-quality development, and is the only way to advance for Chinese path to modernization. Based on a profound interpretation of the connotation of the new quality productive forces, this paper constructs a multi-dimensional evaluation index system at the municipal level, and depicts the development process and spatio-temporal characteristics of the new quality productive forces in 278 prefecture level and above cities in China from 2011 to 2021. The study shows that: 1) The level of the new quality productive forces at the municipal level in China presents a steady upward trend, showing a spatial pattern of "high in the east, flat in the middle and low in the west" and an evolution trend of "fast in the south and slow in the north"; 2) The level of the new quality productive forces at the municipal level in China can be divided into five levels from high to low: leading, breakthrough, growth, development, and weak. The spatial distribution of each level presents a significant "center-periphery" pattern; 3) The regional differences in the level of the new quality productive forces at the municipal level in China gradually decrease over time, with the largest intraregional differences in eastern cities and the largest interregional differences between the eastern and northeastern cities; 4) The level of the new quality productive forces has a significant spatial correlation, with a relatively stable spatial distribution of "higher in the eastern of China and lower in the western of China". Areas with the higher value move from the north of China to the south of China, areas with lower value expands towards the north of China; 5) The spread effects of the level of the new quality productive forces at the municipal level in China is generally greater than the backwash effects, and high-level neighborhoods have a significant promoting effect on the development of the new quality productive forces in the local area.

Industrial chain resilience serves as a pivotal metric for gauging the economic transformation adaptability of resource-based cities. Measuring and enhancing the resilience of the industrial chain emerges as a crucial strategy to effectively drive the economic transformation and foster the high-quality development of resource-based cities. Based on the data of 114 resource-based cities in China from 2005 to 2022, this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system for assessing the industrial chain resilience of resource-based cities from the aspects of five dimensions: resistance ability, resilience ability, evolution ability, leadership ability, and sustainability ability. It uses the entropy method to quantify the resilience level of industrial chain and the Dagum Gini coefficient to explore the regional differences and sources of industrial chain resilience in different types of resource-based cities. It's found that: 1) The resilience level of industrial chain in resource-based cities has improved, but the process is slow and the overall level is low. 2) The development of the industrial chain resilience level in resource-based cities across the four major regions is unbalanced. From 2005 to 2018, the ranking was "eastern region > central region > northeastern region > western region". However, after 2019, the pattern shifted to "eastern region > central region > northeastern region = western region", with the gap between the eastern and central regions widening. Regional disparities remain the primary source of inequality in industrial chain resilience. 3) The resilience level of industrial chain in renewable resource-based cities is significantly higher than that of other cities, and the gap is constantly widening. 4) From the perspective of spatial pattern, the resilience level of industrial chain in resource-based cities has not shown significant spatial agglomeration, the driving effect of central cities on the industrial chain resilience in surrounding areas is not obvious. Based on the above, it is recommended to improve the industrial chain resilience of resource-based cities by optimizing the industrial structure, strengthening technological innovation, and promoting green development.

Identifying multifunctional spatial patterns and conflicts is essential for integrated and efficient territorial space management. This study adopts a synergy-competition perspective to build a suitability assessment system for agricultural, urban, and ecological functions, uses the triangle model to classify dominant multifunctional types, and quantifies conflicts with current land use and spatial planning via a conflict diagnosis matrix. Taking Laizhou City, Shandong Province, as a case study, a hexagonal grid with a radius was used for empirical analysis. The results show as follows. 1) The average suitability indices for agriculture, urban, and ecology are 0.60, 0.51, and 0.54, with agricultural suitability is highest in the east and center, urban suitability clusters centrally, and ecological suitability dominant in coastal and hilly areas. 2) an agricultural-urban composite type is dominant, this type forms a northeast-southwest belt; ecological-dominant areas rank second, mainly along the coast and western forests. Overall multifunctional suitability varies nonlinearly with elevation, distance to coastlines, urban centers, and roads. 3) Existing spatial conflicts are mostly low to moderate and dispersed, but planned conflicts are higher; planning reduces conflicts in 18.69% of the area but increases them in 19.12% due to poor functional synergy or mismatch. The research suggests enhancing multifunctional integration and dynamic conflict monitoring to improve spatial governance.

Accessible elderly care resources serve as a pivotal indicator for assessing the effectiveness of elderly care service provision, holding immense significance for the development of a modern public service system. Focusing on the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration(YRDUA), this study employs multi-source data and analytical methods including kernel density analysis, consistency coefficient analysis, and geographical detector method to examine the spatial patterns, demographic-resource alignment, and driving mechanisms of accessible elderly care resources across different elderly life cycle groups. The results show that: 1) Accessible care resources exhibit a "Z-shaped" clustered spatial distribution under a "one-body, two-zones and multi-core" framework, with pronounced hierarchical disparities following a "core city-regional central city-marginal city" structure. The elderly care institutions are distributed "along the river and the bay", and the community elderly recreation places are "multi-point" clusters. 2) Elderly populations form a Shanghai-centric "wedge-shaped concentration zone" with a "one-body, two-wings" pattern along the Shanghai-Nanjing and Shanghai-Hangzhou corridors. Among specific subgroups, unhealthy seniors who are self-care capable and those who are self-care incapable are concentrated along the Shanghai-Nanjing axis, while healthy seniors show a trend of suburbanization. All three groups exhibit a "core-periphery" decline pattern, though at varying rates. 3) Spatial coordination between care resources and elderly demographics is weak, with resource-population alignment declining from central to peripheral regions. Resource-type analysis shows: cities with abundant elderly care institutions account for a relatively high proportion, cities with well-matched community healthcare places account for a relatively low proportion, and cities with lagging community elderly recreation places have a prominent proportion. Community elderly recreation places demonstrate best overall fit, followed by community healthcare places. Inter-provincial disparities are notable: Zhejiang resources generally surpass elderly population concentrations, while Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai show resource deficits. The southern parts of the YRDUA forms a "surplus-matching" interlaced zone, with resource-deficient areas clustering in northern and western regions. 4) Spatial differentiation of accessible care resources stems from multi-factorial drivers. Human environment factors-particularly regional fiscal expenditure, elderly population size, and media attention-are primary determinants. Natural environment impacts are relatively limited but gain significance through interactions with human environment factors.

Improving energy efficiency can alleviate the pressure on energy demand and facilitate the low-carbon transition of the economy, thereby achieving the objectives of energy conservation, emission reduction, and green development. Firstly, we employed the super-efficiency SBM model incorporating undesired CO₂ outputs and the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to calculate the total factor energy efficiency of 30 provinces between 2006 and 2021. Secondly, this paper regarded the energy rights trading pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment and constructed methods such as the DID approach to explore the impact and mechanism of the energy rights trading pilot policy on total factor energy efficiency. Our findings show that: 1) The energy rights trading pilot policy significantly enhances total factor energy efficiency, and this conclusion remains robust after a series of tests. 2) According to the mechanism study, the energy rights trading pilot policy boosts total factor energy efficiency by optimizing the energy consumption structure, upgrading the industrial structure, and fostering green technology innovation. 3) This paper constructs a synthetic control method to explore the policy effect of each pilot province. The research reveal that Fujian Province experienced the most significant impact from the energy rights trading pilot policy, followed by Sichuan Province, while Henan Province was least affected. Although Zhejiang Province experienced a short-term impact from the policy, it was not significant. This study provides theoretical and empirical support for advancing energy marketization reform to enhance energy efficiency and offers practical insights for innovating urban governance models and achieving sustainable development.

Taking 272 prefecture-level and above cities in China as the research unit, we use two-period non-radial directional distance function and Luenberger index to measure urban industrial green total factor productivity(GTFP), so as to measure the level of urban industrial green development and to further explore the regional differences and influencing factors. We find that the industrial green efficiency at the municipal level in China generally shows a pattern of "high in the east, low in the west, high in the south and low in the north", with significant imbalance characteristics. The main source of overall differences in industrial GTFP at the municipal level in China is hypervariable density, followed by the intra-regional difference, with a lower but gradually increasing contribution from the inter-regional difference. Technological progress and green momentum promote industrial GTFP growth, while efficiency deterioration and development momentum hinder industrial GTFP growth in the central, western and northeastern regions. From the combined perspective of technology and input-output dimensions, technological progress stems from both developmental and green technology progress, and efficiency deterioration is mainly caused by developmental efficiency deterioration. Regional differences in industrial GTFP stem more from the developmental efficiency difference. Accordingly, the government should pay attention to the long-term spatial imbalance in industrial green development, implement differentiated industrial green development strategies according to local conditions, and narrow the development efficiency gap in order to synergistically enhance the level of industrial green development at the municipal level.

Based on the flow data of air passenger and cargo, and using the methods of spatial visualization and complex network analysis, this paper analyzes the network pattern and spatiotemporal characteristics of aviation flows of China's urban agglomeration system in 19 urban agglomerations. The study shows that: 1) The aviation traffic between 19 urban agglomerations accounts for more than 90% of the overall aviation traffic in the country. 2) The aviation network of China's urban agglomeration system exhibits a multi-center, tiered structure with uneven spatial distribution. Major hubs—Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing—form a four-core, spoke-and-axis framework, all located in the southeast of the Hu Huanyong Line. This aligns with the "5+5+9" spatial configuration outlined in China's 14th Five-Year Plan. 3)In 1995-2019, the aviation flow of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration experienced the most rapid growth, the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration surpassed the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration as the leading hub, widening its dominance. The ranking of urban agglomerations such as Mid-southern Liaoning, Harbin-Changchun, and Central Yunnan declined. The status of nodes such as Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Shenzhen and Chongqing has rapidly been rapidly improved, and they tend to form a healthy development in the hierarchical structure of urban agglomerations. Guangdong-Fujian-Zhejiang coastal urban agglomeration, Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration and Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration have multiple internal nodes, with weak hierarchical structure, while other urban agglomerations show nascent but immature internal structure. 4) The changes in airline attractiveness of the five major urban agglomerations to the rest 14 urban agglomerations indicate that the influence of distance on inter-urban agglomeration linkages is weakening, while the improvement of urban agglomerations competitiveness level will deepen the linkages with the other urban agglomerations all over the country.

With the help of Internet multi-source data, 30 internet-famous tourism destinations such as Ganzi, Zibo and Harbin were selected as the research objects. The characteristics and laws of the evolution of their lifecycle were evaluated, and a systematic regulation strategy influencing factors was explored based on this for the internet-famous tourism destinations to go from "explosive popularity" to "long-lasting popularity". The results showed that there are obvious hierarchical differences in the popularity of China's internet-famous tourism destinations, with obvious head effects and seasonality, and the overall spatial distribution pattern is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The lifecycle of internet-famous tourism destinations can be divided into five types: stable, explosive, valley, peak and special, and there are obvious differences in the lifecycle evolution characteristics of different types of internet-famous tourism destinations. Four systematic regulation strategies were proposed, namely, "establishing service-oriented management thinking, creating local cultural and tourism IPs, innovating multi-media image dissemination, and strengthening digital city construction", with a view to providing decision-making references for internet-famous tourism destinations to avoid entering a recession or falling off the cliff, and to realize a healthy and sustainable development.

Taking Guangdong Province as the research object, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation pattern of its newly added cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Then, an econometric model based on path dependence theory is constructed to illustrate the driving factors of cross-border e-commerce enterprise location selection and spatiotemporal pattern evolution, using methods such as nearest neighbor index, kernel density, standard deviation ellipse, and Theil index. The research results indicate:1) In terms of temporal development, the number of cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Guangdong Province has steadily increased, and new enterprises have shown periodic fluctuations due to the influence of economic environment and policy evolution. 2)The newly added cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Guangdong Province are characterized by both agglomeration and dispersion, with agglomeration as the main trend. The agglomeration direction tends to be horizontal, and the agglomeration centers are located in Shenzhen and Dongguan. The distribution differences between the four major regional sectors are greater than the differences within the sectors. 3)The new cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Guangdong Province have transformed from the gathering of double central axes in Guangzhou and Shenzhen to the gathering of multi central planes on the west bank of the Pearl River Estuary, and further spread to the eastern, western and northern regions of Guangdong by leaps and bounds. 4)The location selection of cross-border e-commerce enterprises presents spatial differences in the Pearl River Delta and non Pearl River Delta regions, with a focus on path dependence and path creation, respectively. The path dependence formed by location conditions and economic development level still dominates among the influencing factors, while policy factors show a path creation effect. The path creation effect of external shocks such as technological progress and openness are not significant.

Exploring the integrated development of culture, technology and tourism is a significant contemporary topic in cultural and tourism studies within the context of Chinese path to modernization. This paper defines the concept of the integration of culture, technology and tourism, proposing that their integration exhibits triple ternary relationships. It dynamically evolves through a cyclical feedback mechanism of "intelligent digital technology embedding—industrial ecosystem reconstruction—multi-dimensional integration and symbiosis". The integrated development promotes economic growth, constructs spiritual homelands, serves better life, showcases China's image, and enhances cross-civilization mutual learning. Building on this foundation, the study constructs a discourse system for the integrated development of culture, technology and tourism, characterized by the key concept of a "digital-intelligent cultural tourism symbiosis", new categories such as "new quality productive forces for cultural tourism" and "digital cultural tourism" and the expression framework of "audiovisual symbolization, flexible narrative strategies, audience-centered perspectives, and segmented storytelling". Finally, this paper proposes a "policy-industry-resource-ecosystem" realization pathway to facilitate high-quality development of culture, technology and tourism integration.

With the rapid development of the global digital economy, data, as a new type of production factor, has seen increasing emphasis on its intellectual property protection and international cooperation. Based on complex network theory, this paper systematically analyzes the evolutionary trajectory of international data intellectual property cooperation from 2004 to 2023. Furthermore, a data patent cooperation network is constructed, and an improved Stochastic Actor-Oriented Model (SAOM) is employed to conduct a detailed analysis of the network's topological structure and spatial patterns, revealing the interaction mechanisms and evolutionary characteristics among different collaborative entities at various stages. The study finds that：1) The international data intellectual property cooperation network has evolved from a dominance by developed countries in Europe and America to a more globally diversified expansion, with emerging economies such as China and India gradually becoming key nodes. 2) Simulation analysis further uncovers the influence of structural characteristics, innovation capabilities, and the breadth of cooperation on the evolution of the international patent cooperation network, as well as trends in network evolution and changes in knowledge innovation performance. The conclusions provide a scientific basis for formulating international data intellectual property cooperation policies and offer insights for promoting high-quality development of the global digital economy.

Rural industrial integration refers to the development mode of the integration of the primary industry with the secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas. Land transfer is the fundamental supporting system for the integrated development of rural industries. Based on the stability of land rights and the mode of interest connection, this article divides land transfer into two modes: land leasing mode and land shareholding mode. It takes farmers' income as the measurement indicator of the income increase effect of industrial integration, and the proportion of the output value of leisure agriculture and agricultural product processing industry as the measurement indicator of the depth of integration. It uses the panel two-way fixed effect model to empirically analyze the influence effect of land transfer on rural industrial integration in 30 provincial-level regions of China. The results shows that: 1) Land transfer has a significant promoting effect on industrial integration and income increase, and the growth of farmers' income mainly comes from the increase of property, operational and transfer income. 2) With the continuous expansion of land transfer scale, the degree of rural industrial integration has further deepened, and the promoting effect of the land shareholding mode is significantly better than that of the land leasing mode. 3) The impact of land transfer on industrial integration shows regional heterogeneity, presenting a gradient feature which is the strongest in eastern region, followed by the central region, and the weakest in western region. Based on the above, this paper proposes policy recommendations: improving the property rights registration system of separation of ownership rights, contract rights, and management rights for contracted rural land, promoting the transfer mode of "land shareholding", and perfecting the promotion mechanism of classified transfer.

Based on the land use data of 11 provincial-level regions of the Yangtze River mainstream from 2005 to 2020, this study adopts the water footprint method to introduce self eco-consumption value coefficient, combines with the ecosystem services value method, and considers the supply and consumption of ecological value to explore the spillover value of ecosystem services in different provinces. Based on the determination of horizontal ecological compensation (HEC for short) standards, a comparative ecological radiation force model is introduced to optimize HEC funds allocation scheme for 11 provinces in the Yangtze River mainstream from the perspective of ecosystem services flow. The results show that: 1) The ecosystem service value of the Yangtze River mainstream declines slowly at first and then increases steeply from 2005 to 2020, with an overall increase of 3.16%. 2) The value of ecological consumption in the Yangtze River mainstream shows an inverted-U shape, but increases slightly in general, and shows a trend of gradual growth from the west of the Yangtze River mainstream to the east of the Yangtze River mainstream. 3) The overall ecosystem services of the Yangtze River mainstream are in a spillover state during the study period. The compensation standards, in descending order, are Xizang, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Chongqing, Hubei, Anhui, Shanghai and Jiangsu. 4) Jiangsu is required to pay more than 60% of the total, and is the main source of HEC funds in the Yangtze River mainstream. Anhui and Shanghai were the least responsible for compensation in 2005 and 2015, 2010 and 2020, respectively. 5) Xizang receives more than 50% of the total compensation funds, and is the main recipient of HEC. Anhui receives the least compensation in 2010 and 2020. Hubei and Chongqing receive the least compensation in 2005 and 2015, accounting for less than 0.7%.

Red tourism resources are the core carriers of red tourism development. Studying the spatial distribution of red tourism scenic spots (sites) is fundamental for scientifically formulating red tourism development plans and achieving high-quality tourism management. Based on spatial location data of 323 red tourism scenic spots (sites) across 122 counties (cities and districts) in Hunan Province, this paper employs Voronoi polygon variation coefficients and kernel density analysis to characterize their spatial distribution patterns. The geographic detector model is used to identify influencing factors, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is applied to explore the configurational effects of these factors. The results indicate that: 1) The spatial distribution of red tourism scenic spots in Hunan Province exhibits clustering characteristics, with significant variations among counties. The density distribution of red tourism scenic spots decreases from east to west, with the core density area concentrated in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration, extending westward to the Wuling Mountain area and southeastward to the Luoxiao Mountain area, forming a "one core, dual axes" pattern. Outside the core area, multiple ring-shaped sub-density zones are sporadically distributed in southern, central, and northern Hunan. 2) The spatial distribution pattern of red tourism scenic spots is influenced by a combination of natural, resource, economic, and social factors, with the interaction effects of dual factors having greater explanatory power than single factors. 3) The fsQCA results show that none of the nine selected conditional variables alone constitutes a necessary condition for influencing the distribution of red tourism scenic spots in Hunan Province. Three configurational patterns are identified: "resource-driven", "resource-market linkage", and "resource-economy linkage".