The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has profoundly influenced the geo-economic environment. Based on the theory of geopotential, this study systematically analyzes the evolution of the strength of geo-economic linkages between China and countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative from 2010 to 2021. Using the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR), this article analyzes the spatiotemporal differences and mechanisms of the factors affecting the strength of geo-economic linkages. It's found that: 1) During the study period, the geographical weight along the "the Belt and Road" is generally heavy in East Asia and Western Europe, and light in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. China's geographical weight continues to grow rapidly, while the geographical weight of Western powers continues to decline. 2) The distribution of strength of geo-economic linkages shows a pattern of high-value clustering in Southeast Asia and relatively low levels in Europe and Western Asia, with strong spatial correlation, and the "high-high" cluster continues to expand. 3) There are significant spatio-temporal differences in the driving mechanism of the strength of geo-economic linkages. Among them, Southeast Asian countries are more likely to be positively influenced by improvements in resource endowment, industrialization process, urbanization process, foreign investment environment, living standardsof the people, and degree of informatization. While European countries are positively influenced by improvements in industrialization process, social environment, and degree of informatization. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the evolution of the global economic landscape, enriches the application of geo-economic theory, and offers valuable references for China's practice of building the BRI in the new era.

Marine environmental protection policies are crucial for improving marine ecosystems and promoting the green and sustainable development of the marine economy. Based on 983 policy texts from 11 coastal provincial-level regions in China from 1982 to 2024, this study systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of marine environmental protection policies through bibliometrics analysis and LDA topic modeling. Furthermore, it uses a panel-data grey relational analysis model to examine the effects of different policy variables on the green development level of the marine economy. The results show that: 1) During the study period, the cumulative volume and intensity of local marine environmental protection policies have shown sustained growth, with significant regional disparities in both policy quantity and intensity. 2) The themes of marine environmental protection policies can be classified into five types, and their evolution has become increasingly diversified, with notable variations in focus across coastal provinces. 3) All policy variables exhibit high correlation with the green development level of the marine economy, with the theme of marine environmental protection and governance emerging as the core driver of later-stage marine environmental protection policies. Based on the above, policy recommendations and optimization pathways are proposed from the perspectives of regional policy adaptation and dynamic topic adjustment.

On the basis of redefining the connotations of the synergy of production-living-ecological spaces and the common prosperity, this study constructs evaluation systems for the common prosperity and the production-living-ecological spatial functions, and employs econometric models to examine their relationship in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2004 to 2023. The results show that: 1) Both the level of common prosperity and the coupling coordination of production-living-ecological spaces have steadily improved, with spatial patterns of regional clustering, multi-node expansion, and catch-up development in the middle and upper reaches of the research area. 2) Improvements in the functions of production space and living space significantly promote the common prosperity, while ecological space function shows a phased pattern of initial suppression followed by later enhancement. The promoting effect of the coupling coordination of production-living-ecological spaces is stronger than that of single-dimensional improvement or pairwise coupling. 3) The common prosperity effect varies across stages. It mainly improves basic welfare at the low‑level stage, it faces transformation-cost frictions at the medium-level stage, and generates development gains through factor reproduction at the high-level stage. The spatial Durbin model further indicates that the effect is mainly local, while stable interregional spillovers have not yet formed. These findings reveal the mechanisms and spatial effects through which the synergy among production-living-ecological spaces empowers common prosperity, and provide theoretical and practical implications for high-quality coordinated development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and beyond.

Based on the panel data from prefecture-level cities in China, this article employs the methods of spatial Durbin model, spatial effect decomposition, and mechanism testing to examine the impact of digital inclusive finance on the convergence of the urban-rural income gap, its spatial spillover effects, and underlying mechanisms. The results show that: 1) Digital inclusive finance significantly promotes the convergence of the urban-rural income gap, with a stronger enabling effect in regions with a larger initial urban-rural income gap. After the introduction of China's top-level policy design for inclusive finance in 2016, its convergence effect further increased. 2) The process through which digital inclusive finance affects the convergence of the urban-rural income gap exhibits significant spatial correlation. It not only narrows the local urban-rural income gap, but also promotes convergence in neighboring regions through spatial spillover effects, with the indirect effect accounting for 29.8% of the total effect. 3) Improvement in factor allocation efficiency is an important transmission mechanism through which digital inclusive finance promotes the convergence of the urban-rural income gap, while improvements in human capital and increased fiscal support for agriculture further amplify its convergence effect. This study suggests that digital inclusive finance infrastructure and service systems should be improved, regional coordination in digital finance should be strengthened, and the sustained convergence of the urban-rural income gap should be promoted by optimizing urban-rural factor allocation, improving rural human capital, and increasing fiscal support for agriculture.

This study systematically examines the connotation and underlying logic of high-quality transportation development, and constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system covering five dimensions: infrastructure, innovation-driven development, service efficiency, green transition, and safety assurance. Based on the above, it uses the methods of the entropy-weighted TOPSIS model, the Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, and standard deviation ellipse to measure the level of high-quality transportation development in the three major economic regions of Shandong Province from 2010 to 2024, and analyze their regional disparities and dynamic evolution. The results indicate that: 1) The overall level of high-quality transportation development in Shandong Province has steadily improved, although regional imbalances persist. Spatially, a dual-core structure centered on Jinan and Qingdao has gradually taken shape, which is that the eastern region plays a leadership role, core areas agglomerate, and the gradient is differentiatial". The Jiaodong Economic Circle exhibits the highest development level and the fastest growth, the Provincial Capital Economic Circle maintains steady progress under the leadership of Jinan, while the Lunan Economic Circle remains at a relatively lower level with pronounced internal disparities. 2) The evolution of regional differences shows clear stage characteristics, shifting from initial convergence to fluctuating expansion and further widening. The sources of disparities have gradually transitioned from inter-regional differences to dominance by overlapping effects across regions. 3) The three economic circles follow markedly different evolutionary paths: the Provincial Capital Economic Circle demonstrates a core-driven hierarchical diffusion pattern, the Jiaodong Economic Circle exhibitxs a high-level agglomeration trend, and the Lunan Economic Circle remains in a catch-up stage. Based on these findings, it is necessary to promote coordinated efforts in infrastructure digitalization and intelligent upgrading, breakthroughs in key core technologies, enhancement of comprehensive service efficiency, deepening of green and low-carbon transition, and improvement of safety assurance systems, so as to facilitate the synergistic advancement of high-quality transportation development and regional coordinated development.

This paper analyzes the key factors driving the formation of urban networks based on the theory of "Space of Flows", and utilizes water systems as the historical spatial connections to assess the urban network characteristics and its influence on urban-rural integration development. On this basis, drawing upon the data from publicly listed companies and statistical information from prefecture-level cities, this study employs an endogenous equilibrium social network and Bayesian approximation to estimate key parameters of the urban network in China, and evaluates the effects of technology flows, capital flows, population mobility, and material flows on urban-rural integration development. The findings indicate that: 1) Urban networks exert a significant marginal effect on urban-rural integration, yet the overall network exhibit limited positive spillover effects. While the formation of local city connections can promote urban-rural integration, urban network as a whole demonstrates insufficient radiation capacity. 2) A small number of cities serve as central hubs within the network system, with most cities engaging in the urban network surrounding these core hubs. 3) An analysis of "flow factors" reveals that a relatively flat urban distribution hinders large cities from fully leveraging resources to foster urban-rural integration. 4) The interconnectedness among cities reinforces the "rank-size" rule rather than replacing urban hierarchies. The urban network also exhibits "core-periphery" characteristics and features consistent with central place theory.

Based on the panel data of 283 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2011 to 2022, this paper analyzes the impact mechanism and heterogeneous patterns of online attention on urban development using the methods of two-way fixed effect model, mediating effect model, and spatial spillover effect model. The findings are as follows: 1) Online attention exerts a significantly positive impact on urban economic development. 2) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the traffic effects (online attention) of small and medium-sized cities, three major urban agglomerations and eastern cities has more pronounced impact on economic development, and that cities with richer urban brands and competitiveness are more capable of converting attention into sustained growth momentum. 3) Mechanism analysis indicates that, under an effective market system, online attention promotes urban development by facilitating industrial upgrading and enhancing market vitality. Under a proactive governmental framework, online attention encourages local governments to improve the business environment and enhance public service guarantees and infrastructure construction. 4) In terms of spatial spillover effects, the positive impact of online attention on urban development exhibits significant positive spatial spillovers. Finally, this study advocates differentiated urban development strategies to reinforce the targeted empowerment of traffic effects, synergistically enhance market vitality and governmental efficiency, and achieve the conversion of short-term traffic dividends into long-term urban development drivers.

Against the backdrop of intensifying educational capitalization and residential differentiation, school-district resources have transformed from a conventional public service unit into a crucial spatial lever of residential sorting and social stratification. Taking 1912 residential communities in the core areas of Nanjing's main urban districts as the basic analysis units, this paper integrates multi-source data including housing prices, POI, community attributes, mobile phone portrait data, and school-district boundaries. It employs principal component analysis (PCA) with probabilistic quadrant classification to identify housing types and resident profiles, uses a multinomial Logit model to quantify residents' housing choice preferences, and introduces the school-district grades of primary and secondary schools as moderating variables to explore the amplifying or weakening effects of educational resources on population sorting across different housing types. The results show that 70% of the samples exhibit a clear housing-population matching structure, while mismatch between residents and housing is most pronounced in top-tier school-district areas, particularly at the primary school stage where stronger entry barriers and diversion effects emerge. School-district grades exert significant moderating effects across different housing types.

Based on the panel data of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2012 to 2023, this paper constructs an index system of knowledge flow, measures the efficiency of knowledge R&D and knowledge transformation by the means of Super SBM model, and employs the methods of social network analysis and spatial Durbin model to explore the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the spatial correlation network structure of knowledge flow. The results indicate that: 1) The overall knowledge flow in the urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River shows an evolutionary pattern in which the leading role of core cities is strengthened, knowledge R&D and transformation activities are increasingly concentrated in core areas, the overall level has improved, but regional differences still exist. 2) There are significant network structure characteristics and spatial spillover effects in the knowledge flow of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, but the overall network structure is still relatively loose. 3) Economic development level, education level, urbanization level, advancement of industrial structure, degree of openness to the outside world, and unexpected events are important factors affecting the knowledge flow of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River To promote regional knowledge collaborative innovation and narrow the development gap within urban agglomerations, it is necessary to strengthen the radiation function of core cities, build a multi-level knowledge collaborative network. promote the institutionalization of spatial spillover effects, enhance the overall stability of the network, implement differentiated measurements to enhance the synergistic effect of economic development and education level.

As a key unit of spatial governance, metropolitan areas represent the comprehensive strength and competitiveness of a country. Within domestic academia, there exist cognitive disparities in the conceptual connotation of metropolitan areas, which has affected policy formulation and spatial governance practices. Through a localized analysis of the concept of metropolitan area, this paper argues that: 1). The primary function of a metropolitan area is the industrial coordination, the spatial scope should be determined as a 1-hour transportation circle, which include multiple 1-hour commuting circles. 2) The spatial morphology of metropolitan areas is related to their developmental stages and exhibits dynamic changes. 3) The spatial governance of metropolitan areas should focus on research from both regional and urban scales. Accordingly, this paper proposes that the territorial spatial governance of metropolitan areas should adhere to systematic thinking and determine the planning and research scope of spatial governance. The spatial governance of metropolitan areas must adhere to a combination of problem oriented, goal oriented, and implementation oriented approaches, it should assess the development stages of metropolitan areas, identify prominent issues in the development process of metropolitan area, clarify the goals and tasks in enhancing the capacity of core cities, improving regional network structures, and strengthening regional coordination mechanisms, and formulate actionable policy recommendations including project lists, policy lists, and collaborative lists, which must be able to be implemented.

This paper employs the multiple complex network method to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of the trade network of global electronics from 2000 to 2023. Based on the above, it conducts a comparative analysis of structural disparities between unweighted and weighted networks, as well as import and export backbone networks, and evaluates the structural resilience of the trade network of global electronics. The main findings are as follows: 1) The overall scale of global electronics trade exhibits phased characteristics, with steady growth in the early period, rapid growth in the middle period, a swift recovery under the impact of economic crises, and fluctuating growth under the shock of the pandemic. 2) Analysis of the unweighted network indicates that developed economies such as the US and European countries maintain extensive and sustained influence. However, within the weighted network, the importance of East Asian and Southeast Asian economies has risen significantly, with China occupying a notably central position. 3) The backbone structure of the network has shifted over time. The import backbone network is characterized by "a few cores, large clusters, and high agglomeration", with the gravity center gradually moving from the US to China, while European countries like Germany, France, and the UK act as secondary hubs at different stages. Conversely, the export backbone network exhibits the characteristics of "multiple cores, smaller clusters, and high dispersion", initially dominated by European and American countries and gradually evolving into a pattern where Asian countries, represented by China, coexist with European and American countries. 4) Under the cumulative impact of the US-China trade friction, geopolitical conflicts, and the COVID-19 pandemic, the structural resilience of the trade network of global electronics has weakened. Key nodes such as China and the US are decisive for the network connectivity, and the trade network of global electronics faces the risk of collapse after being subjected to shocks. Based on these findings, this paper identifies potential risks and challenges for China in global electronics trade and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for promoting the high-quality development of China's electronics trade and enhancing the stability of the global electronics trade network.

Based on the panel data from 31 provincial-level regions in China from 2017 to 2023, this study constructs evaluation indicator systems for both new quality productive forces and the high-quality development of the smart and health elderly care industry. It further employs the methods of coupling coordination model, Dagum Gini coefficient, obstacle degree model, and GeoDetector to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics, regional disparities, and influencing factors of the coupling coordination between the two systems. The results show that: 1) The coupling coordination degree of the two systems generally presents an evolutionary pattern of "periodic decline followed by coordinated growth". The eastern and central regions have experienced relatively rapid growth, while the western and northeastern regions lag behind, indicating a pronounced Matthew effect in regional coordinated development. 2) The overall national Gini coefficient shows a trend of first increasing and then stabilizing. Intraregional disparity is relatively large in the eastern region, while interregional disparity between the eastern and western regions is the largest, and interregional disparity is the primary source of overall disparity. 3) The core internal obstacle factors for the new quality productive forces system are the proportion of employment in information transmission and scientific research, and railway mileage, while those for the high-quality development system of the smart and healthy elderly care industry are the number of enterprises producing emerging smart and healthy elderly care products and the number of enterprises providing emerging smart and healthy elderly care services. 4) Economic development level, fiscal expenditure, public service level, residents' consumption level, and urbanization level are the external factors affecting the coupling coordination between the two systems, with economic development level playing a dominant role, and synergistic amplification effects exist among these factors. In the future, it should improve the digital-intelligent support system for smart elderly care, implement region-specific development strategies, and promote the simultaneous enhancement of regional resource allocation capacity and industrial undertaking capacity.

Based on the panel data of 249 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2011 to 2023, this paper systematically investigates the impact of digital infrastructure on the complexity of export green technology and its spatial effects. The findings are as follows: 1) From the perspective of spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, both the complexity of export green technology and the level of digital infrastructure have shown an overall upward trend. Digital infrastructure has grown at a faster pace, while the complexity of export green technology exhibits more pronounced spatial polarization. 2) The improvement in digital infrastructure significantly promotes the enhancement of the complexity of export green technology, and this promoting effect is more pronounced in cities with high marketization levels, non-resource-based cities, central cities (provincial capitals, sub-provincial cities, and municipalities), and key environmental protection cities. 3) Mechanism analysis indicates that green technological innovation and digital industrial agglomeration serve as two important transmission channels through which digital infrastructure empowers the upgrading of the complexity of export green technology. 4) Digital infrastructure exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the complexity of export green technology. This paper provides theoretical foundations and empirical evidence to understand the role of digital infrastructure in promoting green high-quality development of exports.

Taking the National Regional Medical Centers (NRMCs) as the research object and using 281 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2019 to 2023 as the analytical units, this paper systematically characterizes the spatiotemporal features of NRMCs and employs a panel count data model to empirically examine the factors influencing their city-level distribution. The findings are as follows: 1) From 2019 to 2023, the number of NRMCs exhibited a significant leap from "small-scale and refined" to "large-scale and extensive". In terms of spatial pattern, the distribution evolved from a "polarized point-like" pattern dominated by provincial capitals in 2019 to a "core agglomeration plus peripheral diffusion" networked pattern by 2023. 2) The overall spatial inequality of NRMCs has been improving year by year, with trans-variation density being the primary source of the disparity. 3) The distribution of NRMCs is significantly and positively driven by population density, urbanization rate, and the existing stock of hospitals, while medical insurance coverage and the ratio of local fiscal expenditure on healthcare exhibit significant negative effects. Overall, this reflects a balanced allocation logic that builds upon high-quality resource endowments while tilting toward areas with medical service deficiencies. This paper provides empirical evidence to understand the spatiotemporal logic of high-quality medical resource expansion in China and offers references for future optimization of resource allocation decisions.

The structural resilience of the logistics network is a critical factor determining the survival capacity and operational efficiency of logistics systems under risk shocks. This paper takes the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the research object, collects the freight route data on railway and waterway networks to construct a logistics hypernetwork model based on hypergraph theory, and comprehensively assesses the structural resilience of the logistics hypernetworks using the methods of complex network theory and computer-based attack strategies. The MRQAP model is employed to identify its driving mechanisms. The results indicate that: 1) The logistics hypernetworks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt present a "core-periphery" pattern with significant assortativity characteristic. It has high network transmission efficiency and accessibility, but shows pronounced "clustering", with stronger local agglomeration in the central and western regions than in the eastern region. 2) Compared with random attacks and hyperdegree attacks, deliberate attacks based on node degree exert a more destructive impact on network structural resilience, indicating that network resilience is highly dependent on core nodes. 3) Network aggregation effect, siphon effect, assortative effect, and spillover effect play driving roles in the structural resilience of the logistics hypernetworks. Population size, industrial structure, transportation intensity, and geographical adjacency show significant positive driving effects, while network power, external environment, and geographical distance exhibit negative inhibitory effects, informatization level and provincial boundaries show positive but statistically insignificant effects.

The security of livestock product supply is a vital component of food security. Drawing on the panel data of 31 provincial-level regions of China in 2000-2023, this paper employs methods such as kernel density, standard deviational ellipses, spatial autocorrelation and the Gini coefficient to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of livestock product output level in China. On this basis, it uses the interpretable machine learning method based on SHAP to identify the importance of driving factors and their non-linear effects, and assesses resource misallocation characteristics of these factors using the relative distortion coefficient. It's found that: 1) China's livestock product output level continued to rise, with its gravity center exhibiting a dynamic trend of "northward shift and westward move". 2) The spatial distribution of livestock product output level displays characteristics of agglomeration, while regional disparities have declined significantly. 3) In the spatiotemporal evolution of China's livestock product output level, the third geographical nature and the second geographical nature play leading and driving roles respectively, whilst the first geographical nature play a foundational role and exhibit a trend of diminishing marginal returns. 4) The resource allocation of key driving factors exhibits regional differentiation, with the greatest divergence observed in the level of feed security, whilst the level of agricultural mechanization and labour supply demonstrate localized reinforcement characteristics.Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the patterns of change in livestock production, optimize the spatial layout of livestock production, implement a tiered and categorized regional coordination strategy, and ensure the stability of domestic livestock product supply.

Rurality is a comprehensive representation of the ecological, productive, and living landscapes of the countryside. It constitutes an indispensable element in shaping the local cultural character of rural areas and is also a key aspect of rural cultural revitalization. The rural cultural landscape, as the cultural landscape type of the specific rural area, has become an important embodiment of the rural nature, in which farmer paintings are a local cultural product with rural cultural characteristics, it is a typical representative of the local cultural landscape which embodies the rural nature. Using the methods of field research, graphic deconstruction, semi-structured in-depth interviews and questionnaires, this paper investigates the current development of farmer paintings in Longmen County of Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, and analyzes their origin and production process as a rural cultural landscape from three dimensions: natural environment, settlement environment, and lifestyle. It examines how to be the carrier and cultural symbol of carrying the local collective memory. The findings reveal that, during the rapid urbanization of the past decades, farmer paintings as a rural cultural landscape have been gradually receding from rural areas, and the construction of rurality is facing challenges. In the future, it is essential to fully excavate the cultural landscape value of farmer paintings, strengthen the element extraction, enhance policy support and recreate the scene reconstruction of farmer paintings, so as to promote the protection of rural landscape, the continuation of rural life style and the protection of rural cultural space, thereby advancing the reconstruction of rurality.

The rural revitalization of typical pastoral areas in Western China is not only crucial for regional sustainable development and the tangible improvement of herders' livelihoods and well-being, but also holds significant strategic importance for reinforcing the national ecological security barrier and promoting prosperity and stability in ethnic regions. Focusing on this key area. and based on the micro-survey data from 504 herder households across 33 pastoral counties (banners), this paper uses a structural equation model to analyze the impact pathways of rural revitalization on the livelihood capital of herding households. The results indicate that: 1) Ecologically livable environments significantly optimizes the utilization efficiency of natural capital. Industrial prosperity strongly promotes the accumulation of human capital. Affluent life facilitates the accumulation of physical capital, and together with industrial prosperity, drives the growth of financial capital. Effective governance positively enhances the vitality of social capital. 2) Key elements such as grassland area, education level, livestock numbers, ease of obtaining loans, and trust in others play significant roles within the five major response pathways of rural revitalization. 3) To precisely enhance the "driving force and state" efficacy, it is necessary to implement differentiated policies, strengthen basic safeguards, and promote industrial transformation and upgrading. To effectively stimulate the transformation from behavior to response, it is essential to smooth information channels, reinforce skill training, and support cooperative organizations to fully mobilize herders' initiative, guide them from "passive acceptance" to "active participation", and accelerate the diversified accumulation of livelihood capital.

Climate change has intensified extreme precipitation events, exerting profound impacts on China's agricultural economic output. Based on the county-level economic and meteorological data for China from 2000 to 2021, combined with SSP precipitation projection data, this study examines the short- and long-term impacts of precipitation change on agricultural economic output. The results show that: 1) Normal precipitation significantly promotes agricultural economic output. However, due to the increased extreme precipitation, the overall impact of annual precipitation on the agricultural economy is negative. 2) Extreme precipitation events in summer lead to agricultural economic losses, while an increase in normal precipitation days of spring and autumn promotes the growth of agricultural economic output. 3) The effects of precipitation changes on agricultural economic output exhibit significant heterogeneity across different dry/wet regions, agricultural natural regions, and multiple-cropping regions. 4) The increase in extreme precipitation significantly reduces cultivated land area, agricultural labor input, and agricultural machinery use, thereby affecting agricultural economic output. 5) Under future projections, the agricultural economic losses caused by extreme precipitation are expected to continue to expand. Under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, agricultural economic losses are projected to rise from 7.884 billion RMB in 2030 to 21.160 billion RMB by 2100. Based on these findings, this paper puts forward policy recommendations such as the utilization of precipitation resources, risk prevention and control of extreme precipitation events, and the development of regional adaptation mechanisms.

Urban agglomerations serve as critical carriers for achieving the goals of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality" as well as for building a high-quality territorial spatial pattern, the assessment of low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land in urban agglomerations and the analysis of its influencing factors carry significant theoretical and practical implications. This study measures the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land in urban agglomerations of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2000 to 2020 by means of the super-efficient SBM model, and uses the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to explore the influence paths of anthropogenic and natural factors on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land. The results show that: 1) During the study period, the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land in urban agglomerations of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River has experienced significant growth, with the average value increasing from 0.09 to 0.23. Two rapid growth phases were identified, namely 2002-2006 and 2016-2018. 2) Spatially, the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land in urban agglomerations of the middle reaches of the Yangtze Rive has formed a core-periphery pattern, with Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang as the core cities, where efficiency gradually declines outward to the surrounding cities. 3) There are differences in the effects of economic development, natural factors, social development and policy institutions on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land at different stages. Among them, the negative influence of economic development on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land is weakened, while the positive influence of natural factors and social development is strengthened. The policy institutions has an indirect impact on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land by influencing economic development, natural factors and social development.

Based on the panel data of 31 provincial-level regions in China from 2014 to 2023, this paper constructs provincial evaluation index systems for the population aging level and the wellness tourism development level using a combined weighting method. It analyzes the spatiotemporal differentiation and evolutionary trends of the population aging level, the wellness tourism development level, as well as their coupling coordination development by means of the coupling coordination degree model, relative development degree and local spatial autocorrelation. The core driving factors are identified using the geographical detector. The findings are as follows: 1) The levels of population aging and wellness tourism development in China have been continuously improving. The average population aging index increased from 0.1081 in 2014 to 0.1853 in 2023, while the average wellness tourism development index rose from 0.2125 in 2014 to 0.2995 in 2023. The average coupling coordination degree between the two systems increased from 0.7927 in 2014 to 0.8338 in 2023, with the western region growing faster than the eastern region, indicating a significantly enhanced coordination relationship. 2) The relative development types have been continuously optimized. The number of provincial-level regions with synergistic development increased from 4 to 10, while the number of provincial-level regions lagging in wellness tourism decreased from 15 to 5. 3) High-level coupling coordination areas exhibit a trend characterized by expansion in the north and south of China and contiguous clustering. The coverage has expanded from Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai to Shandong, Hebei, and Zhejiang, forming interprovincial high-coordination zones. 4) The interaction effects among social, economic, and educational factors are significant. Market environment, population structure, urbanization level, and living costs are the core driving factors. Finally, policy suggestions such as region-specific measures and smoothing of circulation are proposed, providing a scientific reference for the coordinated development of population aging and wellness tourism in China.

Based on 6039 valid travelogues about Shanxi Province from online platforms, this paper constructs railway-based and highway-based tourism flow networks. On this basis, it employs the methods of clique percolation algorithm, role identification model, dominant flow analysis, and rank-size characteristics analysis to explore the structural features and differences of two types of tourism flow networks in Shanxi Province, and summarize the vertical and horizontal circular organizational modes of scenic areas. The findings are as follows: 1) The tourism flow network comprises cross-regional, multi-city, and single-city communities. 2) Network nodes exhibit a core-periphery bimodal distribution with insufficient support from intermediary nodes. Core nodes in cross-regional communities demonstrate stronger control over regional tourism flows, multi-city communities display a more balanced node structure but weak spillover effects, single-city communities are either single-center or dual-center with high primacy index. 3) The tourism flow networks exhibits a clear hierarchical association, cross-city and single-city communities present base-camp pattern and trip chaining pattern, whereas multi-city communities tend toward regional loop pattern. 4) The responsiveness of different transport modes to geographical distance and the grade of scenic areas varies across scales, forming vertical and horizontal circular organizational modes of scenic areas. These results deepen the understanding of the complex structure and processes of scenic area associations, supplement the flow patterns and mobility rules of railway and highway tourists, and provide guidance for the optimal design of tourism routes and collaborative planning of tourism destinations in Shanxi.

Taking 37 counties in the Wuling Mountain area of Hunan as study areas and based on the data of railway passenger train schedules, this article uses the social network analysis method to calculate the density and centrality of the railway transportation network, and analyzes the changes in the structure of railway transportation network in 2019, 2021 and 2023. On this basis, it constructs a comprehensive index of tourism industry development to analyze the changes of the tourism economy, and uses the coupling coordination degree model to analyze the coupling coordination relationship between the railway transportation network structure and the tourism industry development, and explore its influencing mechanism. The findings show that: 1) The density of the railway transportation network is relatively low in the Wuling Mountain area of Hunan. The changes of the railway transportation network structure are mainly reflected in the intensification and centralization of the "oblique L-shaped" line of the Zhangjiajie-Jishou-Huaihua high-speed railway. However, the connections between nodes are relatively weak, and the degree of interconnection is low. 2) The overall level of tourism industry development is relatively low in the Wuling Mountain area of Hunan. The regions with better development are mainly located in Wulingyuan District and Yongding District of Zhangjiajie City, as well as Jishou City and Fenghuang County of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. 3) The coupling degree between the railway transportation network structure and the tourism industry development is relatively high, but the coordination degree is relatively low. The positive driving effect of railway transportation development on the tourism industry development is neither significant nor stable enough. 4) The coupling coordination development between the railway transportation network and the tourism industry is influenced by a variety of factors such as the support of network structure, spatial polarization differentiation, the linkage of supply and demand matching, and policy environment regulation. To promote the coordinated development between the transportation system and the tourism industry, it is necessary not only to build a polycentric transportation network system, but also to create various types and different themes of tourism routes and to advance the construction of regional tourism brands.

High-quality tourism development has consistently been a key focus for both academic research and industry practice. In the background of Chinese modernization and based on the data from 296 cities of China, this article constructed a framework of business environment,which influencing factors comprise seven elements: market, government, rule of law, humanistic environment, fair competition, government care, and human capital, and used the dynamic QCA analysis method to explore how these factors drive high-quality tourism development through multiple interactive configurational mechanisms. The results show that:1) In the single-factor analysis, none of the seven prerequisite conditions for tourism business environments individually constitute a necessary condition for high-quality tourism development; rather, multiple factors must interact synergistically. 2) Three distinct pathways for high-quality tourism development were identified among the configurations. 3) No temporal differential effects were observed across these three pathways, but spatial characteristics exhibit non-equilibrium patterns. This research not only expands the research on business environments but also provides theoretical references and practical decision-making support for high-quality tourism development.

In the early stage of reform and opening-up, garden-style hotels in the Pearl River Delta served as important windows of urban development and China's opening to the outside world, and occupied a significant position in the history of modern Chinese architecture. Based on archival sources including the annals of Guangdong Province, municipal chronicles of cities in the Pearl River Delta, major architectural journals, and other documentary sources, this study selects 45 garden-style hotels completed between 1978 and 1992, and employs GIS techniques to examine their spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors. The results show that: 1) During the study period, the construction of garden-style hotels exhibited a distinct phased features, reaching its peak in 1985 and gradually declining thereafter. Atrium-style, courtyard-style, and comprehensive garden-style hotels displayed different temporal distributions. 2) Spatially, the distribution of garden-style hotels in the region were relatively concentrated, forming a "three cores and two belts" pattern around the Pearl River estuary. Guangzhou exhibited a clustered diffusion pattern, whereas Shenzhen displayed a linear layout in the east-west direction. 3) Reform and opening-up policies, economic system transformation, urban planning, geographical environment, and regional culture jointly shaped the spatial distribution of garden-style hotels.