精准扶贫的首要任务是贫困户的精准识别。通过对湘西、湘南和湘中地区共五个行政村的入户调研,结合已有文献研究结果,发现在精准扶贫中,存在着贫困户识别偏离的突出问题。根据现有扶贫工作程式,建立了贫困户精准识别模型,针对田野调查典型案例,对贫困户识别偏离的原因进行了深入分析。要从根本上解决贫困户识别偏离问题,一是要构建扶贫开发大数据平台,通过关联数据挖掘和云计算等技术解决农户财产、收入和支出信息不准确的问题;二是要对贫困人口进行精准分类,以提高识别的精准性、帮扶的针对性;三是要调整和完善民主评议制度,多维度对贫困户的贫困程度进行考量,村民代表从不同维度进行量化考评,村组干部根据量化考评结果和实际情况行使表决权,以此强化村组干部的责任,有效避免贫困户识别偏离问题。

The primary task in targeted poverty alleviation is the precision identification of poverty-striken households. Through our indoor investigations into the five administrative villages in the western, southern and central areas of Hunan Province, combined with previous research results, we find that there exists the conspicuous problem of deviation in the identification of poverty-striken households in targeted poverty alleviation. According to the current work patterns in poverty alleviation, this paper sets up the model for the precision identification of poverty-striken households, and, based on typical cases in the above-mentioned investigations, offers a deep analysis of the reasons for deviation in the identification of poverty-striken households. To solve the problem of deviation in the identification of poverty-striken households once for all, the following things should be done: the first is the construction of a big data platform for poverty alleviation development, and the solution to the problem of inaccuracy in the information about rural households’ property, income and expenses, through such techniques as relevant data mining and cloud computing; the second is the precision classification of the poverty-striken population, to improve accuracy in the identification and therefore avoid randomness in the assistance; the third is the adjustment and perfection of the regulation for democratic appraisal, as well as the multidimensional evaluations of the degree of a household’s poverty, namely, the villager representatives’ quantitative evaluations from different aspects and then the village cadres’ exertion of their decision right according to the results of the quantitative evaluations and the actual conditions of the poverty-striken households, by which means the responsibilities of the village cadres are strengthened and deviation in the identification of poverty-striken households are effectively avoided.