寺院在民族走廊地区社会—生态系统中具有独特功能,明晰宗教场所时空扩展及其驱动因素,对文化遗产保护和可持续发展具有积极意义。文章基于河湟谷地藏传佛教寺院既有调查资料和历史文献,以及DEM和气候数据,利用时空序列分析方法,重建本区域宋代以来寺院扩展与演变,分析寺院数据变化与史实。结果表明：①寺院分布由多核趋于带状,形成“组团式”分布的扩展结果,空间集聚特征不断增强,区位—环境选择定向,居于区域中心地特征显著。②清代是奠定当今寺院分布格局的主要时期。③寺院扩展与政教合一、经济收益、气候变迁、宗教组织体系等多重因素相关联,尤其在多民族交往、交流、交融和社会发展主趋势下,诸因素形成寺院扩展的多层级驱动。④以寺院扩展为基础的宗教扩散模式属于等级扩散和蔓延扩散,扩散理论需要对以环境变迁为特征的“外部因素”多加关注。此外,扩散本身并不具有同质性,教派、寺院结构及寺院对于经济的追逐也会影响扩散。⑤寺院作为文化遗产,具有使社会—生态系统趋于稳态的功能。
Buddhist temples have unique functions in the socio-ecosystem of ethnic corridors. Clarifying the temporal and spatial diffusion of religious sites and their driving factors is an effective way to enrich the theoretical framework of religious geography and clarify the mechanism of regional cultural landscape evolution. It is also of positive significance for cultural heritage protection and sustainable development. Based on existing survey data,historical literature,digital elevation model (DEM) and climate data,and using the spatiotemporal sequence analysis methods,this paper reconstructs the diffusion and evolution of Tibetan Buddhist temples in the Hehuang Valley region since the Song Dynasty,and analyzes the changes in temple data and related historical facts. The results show that: 1) The distribution of Buddhist temples changes from the multi-core spatial pattern to the strip-shaped spatial pattern,forming a "clustered" diffusion pattern with an increasingly prominent spatial agglomeration feature. The directional selection of location and environment is evident,and it is located in the center of the region. 2) The Qing Dynasty is the main period when the current distribution pattern of temples is established. 3) The diffusion of temples is related to multiple factors,such as the integration of politics and religion,economic benefits,climate change,and religious organizational systems,especially under the trend of multi-ethnic communication and integration. These factors have formed a multi-level driving force for the diffusion of temples. 4) The religious diffusion model based on the expansion and spread of temples belongs to hierarchical diffusion and contagious expansion. The diffusion theory needs to pay more attention to "external factors" characterized by environmental changes. In addition,the diffusion of temples itself does not have homogeneity. The sects,structure of the temples,and the pursuit of economic benefits can also affect diffusion. 5) Temples,as cultural heritage,have the function of stabilizing the socio-ecosystem.
[1] Park C.Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion[M]. London: Routledge,1994.
[2] 肖治术,张知彬. 扩散生态学及其意义[J]. 生态学杂志,2004(6):107-110.
[3] 朱竑,司徒尚纪. 近年我国文化地理学研究的新进展[J]. 地理科学,1999(4):338-343.
[4] Matsui K.Geography of Religion in Japan:Religious Space,Landscape,and Behavior[M]. New York:Springer,2014.
[5] 曹康,徐钧. 宗教地理学研究内容与发展动态[J]. 当代宗教研究,2005(2):25-31.
[6] 薛熙明,朱竑. 国外宗教地理研究回顾与进展[J]. 人文地理,2010,25(3):109-113,89.
[7] Park C.Religion and geography[M]. London:Routledge,2004.
[8] 陈宁宁,朱竑. 新文化地理学视角下的国外宗教地理学研究[J]. 地理科学进展,2012,31(2):201-209.
[9] Kong L.Geography and religion:Trends and prospects[J]. Progress in Human Geography,1990,14(3):355-371.
[10] Kong L.Mapping ‘new’geographies of religion:Politics and poetics in modernity[J]. Progress in Human Geography,2001,25(2):211-233.
[11] Bartkowski J P,Howell F M,Lai S C.Spatial variations in church burnings:The social ecology of victimized communities in the South[J]. Rural Sociology,2002,67(4):578-602.
[12] 芦学良,王国梁,胡炜霞. 山西省宗教景观空间格局研究[J]. 世界地理研究,2019,28(2):217-224.
[13] 马学娟,马明德. 明清时期西海固地区清真寺时空分布研究[J]. 北方民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2019(6):50-57.
[14] 魏娟,张志斌,贾琳琳,等. 兰州市清真寺空间格局演变及其影响因素[J]. 西北民族大学学报:自然科学版,2017,38(1):86-95.
[15] 朱利涛,苏惠敏,张萍,等. 青海省藏传佛教寺院时空分布特征[J]. 世界地理研究,2019,28(2):209-216,159.
[16] Chao Z,Zhao Y,Liu G.Multi-scale spatial patterns of Gelugpa monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibetan Inhabited Regions,China[J]. GeoJournal,2022,87:4289-4310.
[17] 李久林,储金龙,叶家珏,等. 古徽州传统村落空间演化特征及驱动机制[J]. 经济地理,2018,38(12):153-165.
[18] 张海朋,樊杰,何仁伟,等. 青藏高原高寒牧区聚落时空演化及驱动机制——以藏北那曲县为例[J]. 地理科学,2019,39(10):1642-1653.
[19] 费孝通. 谈深入开展民族调查问题[J].中南民族学院学报:哲学社会科学版,1982(3):2-6.
[20] 年治海,白更登. 青海藏传佛教寺院明鉴[M].兰州:甘肃民族出版社,1993.
[21] 朱普选. 青海藏传佛教历史文化地理研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2006.
[22] 蒲文成. 青海藏传佛教寺院[M]. 兰州:甘肃民族出版社,2013.
[23] 青海省民委少数民族古籍整理规划办公室. 青海地方旧志五种[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1989.
[24] 李焘. 续资治通鉴长编(卷402)[M]. 北京:中华书局,2004.
[25] 钟祥浩,刘淑珍. 中国山地分类研究[J]. 山地学报,2014,32(2):129-140.
[26] 苏铣. 西宁志[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1993.
[27] 王辅仁. 西藏佛教史略[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1982.
[28] 蒲文成. 青海佛教史[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,2001.
[29] 刘锦藻. 清朝续文献通考·选举考六[M]. 杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1988.
[30] 杨应琚. 西宁府新志[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1988.
[31] 王昱,李庆涛. 青海风土概况调查集[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1985.
[32] 谢佐,等. 青海的寺院[R]. 西宁:青海省文物管理处,1986.
[33] 赵珍. 黄河上游区域城市研究(1644-1949)[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.
[34] 龚景瀚. 循化志·寺院[M]. 西宁:青海人民出版社,1981.
[35] 梁姗姗. 拉卜楞属寺在安多藏区的地域扩展研究[J]. 西北师大学报:社会科学版,2014,51(4):72-77.
[36] Clobert J,Baguette M,Benton T,et al.Dispersal Ecology and Evolution[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012.
[37] 姚檀栋,秦大河,田立德,等. 青藏高原2ka来温度与降水变化——古里雅冰芯记录[J]. 中国科学(D辑:地球科学),1996(4):348-353.
[38] 杨保. 青藏高原地区过去2000年来的气候变化[J]. 地球科学进展,2003(2):285-291.
[39] 徐海,盛恩国,蓝江湖,等. 青藏高原东缘近2000年湖泊气候记录及全球联系[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报,2015,34(2):257-268.
[40] 赵珍. 清代黄河上游地区民族格局演变浅探[J] .青海民族研究,1997(4):20-25,47.
[41] 湟源县志编纂委员会. 湟源县志[M]. 西安:陕西人民出版社,1993.
[42] 拉先加. 论藏传佛教主属寺系统及其形成原因——以青海格鲁派寺院为例[J]. 中国藏学,2015(4):82-91.
