旅游地乡村聚落韧性评估是量化韧性水平、识别内部差异、揭示潜在风险,促进韧性乡村培育与乡村旅游可持续发展的重要路径。文章基于韧性概念内涵的辨析,构建了“吸收—适应—转型”的旅游地乡村聚落韧性评估框架,并以恩施州为例,运用综合指数法与地理探测器,对社区及农户尺度下乡村聚落韧性水平与风险因子进行定量化测度与识别,并从整体态势、指数分布、等级对应及风险因子四个方面,对其尺度关联进行探究。结果表明：①社区尺度,恩施州乡村聚落韧性整体处于中等水平,乡村旅游发展成熟度越高的社区,其韧性水平越高。②农户尺度,中等韧性水平农户占比最高（43%）,兼营生计型韧性水平最高,务工/务农型生计韧性最低。③不同风险因子对乡村聚落韧性的作用强度各不相同,尺度间共性因子与差异因子并存,韧性风险障碍随尺度细化逐层聚焦。④韧性整体态势在多尺度上具有一定的延续性与一致性,指数数值分布随尺度细化逐渐转向集中,尺度间韧性指数等级对应关系明显,且随着社区旅游发展成熟度的提升,农户生计韧性也显著提升。
The resilience assessment of rural settlements in tourism areas is an important path to quantify the resilience level,identify internal differences,reveal potential risks,and promote the cultivation of resilient villages and sustainable development of rural tourism. Based on the analysis of resilience concept,this study constructs the "absorption-adaptation-transformation" framework of rural settlement resilience assessment in tourist destinations. Taking Enshi as an example,the comprehensive index method and geographic detector are used to measure and identify the resilience level and risk factors of rural settlements at the community and farmer scales. The scale correlation is explored from four aspects: overall trend,index distribution,rank correspondence and risk factors. The results show that: 1) At the community scale,the overall resilience of rural settlements in Enshu is moderate,and the higher the maturity of rural tourism development,the higher the resilience level. 2) At the household scale,the proportion of farmers with medium resilience level is the highest (43%),the proportion of farmers belonging to the type of part-time livelihood has the highest resilience level,and the proportion of farmers belonging to the types of labour/agricultural livelihoods is the lowest. 3) Different risk factors have different effect on the resilience of rural settlements,common factors and difference factors co-exist between scales,and resilience risk barriers are focused with scale refinement. 4) The overall resilience pattern has some continuity and consistency across multiple scales,the distribution of index values gradually shifts towards concentration as the scales are refined,and there is a clear correspondence between scales in terms of resilience index levels,and as the maturity of community tourism development increases,the resilience of farmers' livelihoods also increases significantly.
[1] 汪侠,甄峰,沈丽珍,等. 基于贫困居民视角的旅游扶贫满意度评价[J]. 地理研究,2017,36(12):2355-2368.
[2] 张京祥,申明锐,赵晨. 超越线性转型的乡村复兴——基于南京市高淳区两个典型村庄的比较[J]. 经济地理,2015,35(3):1-8.
[3] 陆林,任以胜,朱道才,等. 乡村旅游引导乡村振兴的研究框架与展望[J]. 地理研究,2019,38(1):102-118.
[4] 谢双玉,李琳,冯娟,等. 贫困与非贫困户旅游扶贫政策绩效感知差异研究——以恩施为例[J]. 旅游学刊,2020,35(2):80-92.
[5] 黄震方,陆林,苏勤,等. 新型城镇化背景下的乡村旅游发展——理论反思与困境突破[J]. 地理研究,2015,34(8):1409-1421.
[6] 王群,银马华,杨兴柱,等. 大别山贫困区旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性时空演变与影响机理[J]. 地理学报,2019,74(8):1663-1679.
[7] 李红波. 韧性理论视角下乡村聚落研究启示[J]. 地理科学进展,2021,40(4):556-562.
[8] McAslan A. The concept of resilience:Understanding its origins,meaning and utility[J].Torrens Resilience Institute,2010:1-13.
[9] Holling C S.Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J].Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,1973,4(4):1-23.
[10] Adger W Neil.Social and ecological resilience:Are they related?[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,24(3):347-364.
[11] Gallopín G.Linkages between vulnerability,resilience,and adaptive capacity[J]. Global Environmental Change,2006,16(3):293-303.
[12] Carpenter S,Walker B,Abel A N.From metaphor to measurement:Resilience of what to what?[J]. Ecosystems,2001,4(8):293-303.
[13] 方修琦,殷培红. 弹性、脆弱性和适应——IHDP三个核心概念综述[J]. 地理科学进展,2007(5):11-22.
[14] 杨秀平,王里克,李亚兵,等. 韧性城市研究综述与展望[J]. 地理与地理信息科学,2021,37(6):78-84.
[15] Folke C.Resilience:The emergence of a perspective for socialecological system analyses[J].Global Environmental Change,2006,16(3):253-267.
[16] 汪辉. 恢复力、弹性或韧性?社会—生态系统及其相关研究领域中“Resilience”一词翻译之辨析[J]. 国际城市规划,2017,32(4):29-39.
[17] Volodymyr V M,Nina S N,Robert V R,et al.Emerging disparities in community resilience to drought hazard in south-central United States[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,2019,41(101):302.
[18] Sonja Ayeb-Karlsson,Kees van der Geest,Istiakh Ahmed,et al. A people-centred perspective on climate change,environmental stress,and livelihood resilience in Bangladesh[J]. Sustainability Science,2016,11(4):1-5.
[19] Marschke B.Exploring strategies that build livelihood resilience:A case from Cambodia[J]. Ecology and Society,2006,11(1):42.
[20] Allison H,Hobbs R.Resilience,adaptive capacity,and the “Lock-in Trap” of the Western Australian agricultural region[J].Ecology and Society,2004,9(1):1-3.
[21] Quandt A .Measuring livelihood resilience:The household livelihood resilience approach[J].World Development,2018,107:257.
[22] Holladay P J,Powell R B.Resident perceptions of socialecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the Commonwealth of Dominica[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2013,21(8):1188-1211.
[23] Szewranski S,Śwlader M,Kazak J K,et al.Socio-environmental vulnerability mapping for environmental and flood resilience assessment:The case of ageing and poverty in city of Wrocław,Poland[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,2018,9(5):595.
[24] Sonia B.The poverty-vulnerability-resilience nexus:Evidence from Bangladesh[J].Ecological Economics,2013,96:114-124.
[25] 岳俞余,彭震伟. 乡村聚落社会生态系统的韧性发展研究[J]. 南方建筑,2018(5):4-9.
[26] 尹莎,杨新军,陈佳. 人地系统适应性研究进展:概念、理论框架与方法[J]. 地理科学进展,2021,40(2):330-342.
[27] 岳俞余,高璟. 基于社会生态系统视角的乡村聚落韧性评价——以河南省汤阴县为例[J]. 小城镇建设,2019,37(1):5-14.
[28] 朱华友,吉盼,陈泽侠,等. 异质性视角下浙江省农村韧性问题及影响因素[J]. 经济地理,2021,41(8):160-166.
[29] 郭永锐,张捷,张玉玲. 旅游社区恢复力研究:源起、现状与展望[J]. 旅游学刊,2015,30(5):85-96.
[30] 郑殿元,黄晓军,王晨. 陕北黄土高原农户生计恢复力评价及优化策略研究——以延川县为例[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2020,34(9):9-16.
[31] 李亚娟. 西南民族人文生态社区特征演变及旅游发展模式研究[D]. 北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2015.
[32] 贾垚焱,胡静,谢双玉,等. 贫困山区旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性及影响机理[J]. 人文地理,2021,36(1):155-164.
[33] 黄晓军,王晨,胡凯丽. 快速空间扩张下西安市边缘区社会脆弱性多尺度评估[J]. 地理学报,2018,73(6):1002-1017.
[34] 侯彩霞,周立华,文岩,等. 生态政策下草原社会—生态系统恢复力评价——以宁夏盐池县为例[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(8):117-126.
[35] 谢双玉,阴姣姣,乔花芳,等. 恩施州乡村旅游扶贫模式及其效应差异研究[J]. 人文地理,2021,36(5):184-192.
[36] 陈实,任姝慧,温秀,等. 基于层次分析法的旅游景区管理水平测度——以西安大唐芙蓉园景区为例[J]. 旅游学刊,2007(12):40-44.
[37] 王劲峰,徐成东. 地理探测器:原理与展望[J]. 地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.
[38] 王群,陆林,杨兴柱. 旅游地社会—生态子系统恢复力比较分析——以浙江省淳安县为例[J]. 旅游学刊,2016,31(2):116-126.
[39] 陈佳,杨新军,王子侨,等. 乡村旅游社会—生态系统脆弱性及影响机理——基于秦岭景区农户调查数据的分析[J]. 旅游学刊,2015,30(3):64-75.
[40] 李瑞,邰玉兰,王晨,等. 旅游地社会—生态系统恢复力测度及优化对策——以贵阳市花溪区为例[J]. 贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2018,36(5):103-108.
[41] 邹君,刘媛,谭芳慧,等. 传统村落景观脆弱性及其定量评价——以湖南省新田县为例[J]. 地理科学,2018,38(8):1292-1300.
[42] 孙晶,刘建国,杨新军,等. 人类世可持续发展背景下的远程耦合框架及其应用[J]. 地理学报,2020,75(11):2408-2416.
