贸易壁垒、贸易协定与中国制造业出口网络演化
王文宇(1993—),男,山东潍坊人,博士研究生,研究方向为经济地理、全球化与区域发展。E-mail:wywang@pku.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2020-11-03
修回日期: 2021-07-23
网络出版日期: 2025-04-17
基金资助
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41731278)
Trade Barriers,Trade Agreements and the Evolution of China's Manufacturing Export Network
Received date: 2020-11-03
Revised date: 2021-07-23
Online published: 2025-04-17
自加入WTO以来,中国已经成为全球最大的贸易国,极大促进了中国经济的快速增长。但是现有文献在外部冲击对中国制造业出口网络扩张过程的作用研究仍然不足,而这对于中国对未来贸易发展方向的判断十分重要。文章基于UN Comtrade的数据,通过计量模型分析贸易壁垒、贸易协定对中国出口网络演化扩张的影响。研究发现:第一,中国在加入WTO以后,其贸易总量和市场数量迅速增加,逐渐成为世界上最重要的贸易国家之一,其中贸易经验的作用非常重要;第二,目的国贸易壁垒抑制了中国厂商对其进一步市场扩张,并促使中国企业更加依赖出口经验来规避因贸易壁垒造成的额外成本,加深了中国出口市场“路径依赖”的情况;第三,贸易协定会促进中国向目的国市场拓展,会削弱贸易经验的影响,促使中国出口市场“路径突破”。基于研究结论,文章提出以下建议:①鼓励企业拓展贸易业务,旨在学习出口经验,尤其是重要贸易节点国家和地区的经验;②通过增加自由贸易协定来拓展新的贸易市场,从而打破可能由出口经验不足导致的“路径锁定”问题;③中国针对现在频发贸易壁垒不用过分慌张,中国企业可以依靠已有的出口经验来部分弥补贸易制裁的损失,从而降低出口风险。
王文宇 , 贺灿飞 , 陈新明 . 贸易壁垒、贸易协定与中国制造业出口网络演化[J]. 经济地理, 2021 , 41(11) : 118 -128 . DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2021.11.013
China has become the world's largest trading nation. However,the existing literatures on the effect of external shocks on the expansion process of China's manufacturing export network is still insufficient,which is very important for trade policy. Based on the data of UN Comtrade,this article analyzes the influence of trade barriers and trade agreements on the expansion of China's export network through an econometric model. It's found that: Firstly,China has gradually become one of the most important trading countries in the world,in which trade experience plays a very important role. Secondly,trade barriers of destination countries will inhibit the export expansion,and prompt to rely more on export experience to avoid additional costs caused by trade barriers. Thirdly,trade agreements with the export destination country can promote export of new products and existing products,and weaken the influence of trade experience,which can break the original export experience. Based on the conclusions of the article,it's suggested that: 1) Government should encourage Chinese firms to expand their trade business,which aims to learn export experience,especially in important trade node countries and regions. 2) It's necessary to expand new trade markets by the means of the increase of free trade agreements,in order to deal with the question of original export experience. 3) In addition,China can export new products to target countries,which can deal with the frequent trade barriers and the loss of trade sanctions.
Key words: trade agreement; trade barrier; trade network; manufacturing; export networks; path dependence
表1 出口贸易新市场扩张变量描述性统计Tab.1 Descriptive statistics of variables in new market expansion of export trade |
变量 | 解释 | 样本数 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entry | 是否新进入市场 | 996 912 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0 | 1.00 |
Agree | 贸易协定 | 996 912 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0 | 1.00 |
Barrier | 贸易壁垒 | 996 912 | 18.02 | 37.48 | 0 | 387.00 |
Density | 市场关联 | 996 912 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.98 |
lnGDPi | 中国GDP对数 | 996 912 | 28.90 | 0.75 | 27.92 | 30.05 |
lnGDPj | 目的国GDP对数 | 968 463 | 23.76 | 2.14 | 17.22 | 30.46 |
lnGeodist | 地理距离 | 996 912 | 9.03 | 0.51 | 6.70 | 9.87 |
lnEcodist | 经济距离 | 996 671 | 8.21 | 1.53 | 1.02 | 11.59 |
Instdist | 制度距离 | 996 671 | 1.43 | 1.37 | 0.06 | 6.58 |
表2 中国制造业出口新市场扩张模型Tab.2 New market expansion model of manufacturing export trade in China |
(1) m1 | (2) m2 | (3) m3 | (4) m4 | (5) m5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density | 0.648***(0.002) | 0.648***(0.002) | 0.667***(0.003) | 0.650***(0.002) | 0.650***(0.002) |
Barrier | -0.000***(0.000) | 0.000***(0.000) | |||
Brr_Den | 0.002***(0.000) | ||||
Agree | 0.031***(0.002) | 0.030***(0.002) | |||
Agr_Den | -0.012(0.008) | ||||
lnGDPi | 0.040***(0.001) | 0.041***(0.001) | 0.043***(0.001) | 0.039***(0.001) | 0.039***(0.001) |
lnGDPj | 0.035***(0.000) | 0.035***(0.000) | 0.035***(0.000) | 0.034***(0.000) | 0.034***(0.000) |
lnGeodist | -0.024***(0.001) | -0.024***(0.001) | -0.023***(0.001) | -0.018***(0.001) | -0.018***(0.001) |
lnEcodist | -0.003***(0.000) | -0.003***(0.000) | -0.003***(0.000) | -0.003***(0.000) | -0.003***(0.000) |
Instdist | -0.005***(0.000) | -0.005***(0.000) | -0.003***(0.001) | -0.005***(0.000) | -0.005***(0.000) |
_cons | -1.705***(0.036) | -1.725***(0.037) | -1.795***(0.039) | -1.721***(0.036) | -1.720***(0.036) |
产品 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 968 222 | 968 222 | 844 113 | 968 222 | 968 222 |
F | 1 052.829 | 1 044.502 | 931.632 | 1 045.887 | 1 039.971 |
r2 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.121 | 0.116 | 0.116 |
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
注:显著水平*p<0.1,**p<0.05,***p<0.01。表4同。 |
表3 出口贸易已有市场扩张模型变量描述性统计Tab.3 Descriptive statistics of variables in market expansion of export trade |
变量 | 解释 | 样本数 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnAddvalue | 出口增加量对数 | 686 931 | 11.78 | 2.58 | 0.01 | 24.14 |
Density | 市场关联 | 686 931 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 1.00 |
Agree | 贸易协定 | 686 931 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0 | 1.00 |
Barrier | 贸易壁垒 | 686 931 | 36.09 | 53.74 | 0 | 387.00 |
lnGDPi | 中国GDP | 686 931 | 29.21 | 0.70 | 27.92 | 30.05 |
lnGDPj | 目的国GDP | 673 200 | 25.53 | 2.01 | 17.82 | 30.46 |
lnGeodist | 地理距离 | 686 931 | 8.89 | 0.61 | 6.70 | 9.87 |
lnEcodist | 经济距离 | 686 931 | 8.72 | 1.56 | 1.02 | 11.59 |
Instdist | 制度距离 | 686 931 | 1.79 | 1.64 | 0.06 | 6.58 |
表4 中国出口贸易已有市场扩张模型Tab.4 Market expansion model of export trade in China |
(1) m1 | (2) m2 | (3) m3 | (4) m4 | (5) m5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density | 4.794***(0.017) | 4.794***(0.017) | 4.754***(0.017) | 4.799***(0.017) | 4.812***(0.017) |
Barrier | -0.000***(0.000) | -0.000***(0.000) | |||
Brr_Den | 0.009***(0.000) | ||||
Agree | 0.254***(0.008) | 0.250***(0.008) | |||
Agr_Den | -0.299***(0.032) | ||||
lnGDPi | 0.026***(0.008) | 0.031***(0.008) | 0.039***(0.008) | 0.003(0.008) | -0.000(0.008) |
lnGDPj | 0.614***(0.001) | 0.618***(0.002) | 0.619***(0.002) | 0.609***(0.002) | 0.609***(0.002) |
lnGeodist | -0.550***(0.005) | -0.544***(0.005) | -0.532***(0.005) | -0.475***(0.005) | -0.473***(0.005) |
lnEcodist | -0.076***(0.002) | -0.074***(0.002) | -0.074***(0.002) | -0.061***(0.002) | -0.061***(0.002) |
Instdist | -0.008***(0.002) | -0.006***(0.002) | -0.008***(0.002) | -0.010***(0.002) | -0.010***(0.002) |
_cons | -1.087***(0.308) | -1.391***(0.311) | -1.719***(0.308) | -1.059***(0.310) | -0.999***(0.311) |
产品 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 673 200 | 673 200 | 673 200 | 673 200 | 673 200 |
F | 3 270.916 | 3 240.461 | 3 317.897 | 3 252.827 | 3 226.567 |
r2 | 0.377 | 0.377 | 0.379 | 0.378 | 0.378 |
p | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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