供应网络是产业要素空间流动的重要载体,其空间组织与演化反映相关产业的空间集群特征,文章对2009、2014和2019年中国汽车总部与零部件企业供应网络结构演化及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①汽车零部件企业集中分布在中国东部地区,基于汽车零部件供应关系的城市网络密度逐年增大,关联强度逐渐增强;网络节点度平均值变大,且节点度拟合曲线斜率增大,网络等级显著性随之增强;网络平均最短路径持续变小,通达性不断提高;网络集聚性在2009—2014年显著提高,2014—2019年部分地区略有下降。②汽车零部件供应网络中上海市网络权力最为突出,其他城市的网络权力呈上升趋势,高权力和中权力等级城市增加,低权力等级城市减少,华中和珠三角地区的网络权力相对薄弱。供应网络呈现出高中心性—高权力、低中心性—低权力的一维现象特征,且网络地位明显升级,其中领导核心城市和中心集约城市数量明显增多。③汽车零部件供应网络空间结构的演化同时受到5类因素的影响,其中空间因素塑造网络关系的演化格局、市场因素影响关联格局的产生和发育、集聚经济促进网络集聚性和权力地位的升级、制度因素引导网络关系的集聚与分散、历史因素构成网络权力地位与等级分化路径依赖的基础。
The supply network is an important carrier of the spatial flow of industrial factors,and its spatial organization and evolution reflect the spatial cluster characteristics of related industries. This paper analyzes the supply network structure evolution and influencing factors of China's automobile headquarters and supplier enterprises in 2009,2014 and 2019. It's found that: 1) Auto supplier enterprises are concentrated in the eastern part of China. The urban network density based on the supply relationship of auto supplier has increased year by year,and the network correlation strength has gradually increased. The average network node degree has become larger,and the slope of the node degree fitting curve has increased. The level of significance increases accordingly,the average shortest path of the network continues to decrease,and the accessibility continues to increase. The network agglomeration increases significantly from 2009 to 2014,and some areas declines slightly from 2014 to 2019. 2) Shanghai's network power is the most prominent in the auto supplier network. The network power of other cities is on the rise. The number of cities with high and medium power levels have increased,and the cities with low power levels have decreased. The network power in central China and the Pearl River Delta is relatively weak. China's auto supplier network presents the characteristics of a one-dimensional phenomenon of high centrality-high power,low centrality-low power,and the network status has been significantly upgraded,among which the number of leading core cities and central intensive cities increases significantly. 3) The evolution of the spatial structure of the auto supplier network is simultaneously affected by five types of factors. Among them,spatial factors shape the evolution pattern of network relationships,market factors affect the generation and development of correlation patterns,agglomeration economy promotes the upgrading of network agglomeration and rights status,institutional factors guide the agglomeration and dispersion of network relations,and historical factors constitute the basis for the path dependence of network power status and hierarchical differentiation.
[1] 陈肖飞,杨洁辉,王恩儒,等. 基于汽车产业供应链体系的中国城市网络特征研究[J]. 地理研究,2020,39(2):370-383.
[2] Beaudry C,Swann P.Firm growth in industrial cluster of the United Kingdom[J]. Small Business Economics,2009,32(4):409-424.
[3] Liu W D,Dicken P.Transnational corporations and obligated embeddedness foreign direct investment in China's automobile industry[J]. Environment and Planning A,2006,38(7):1229-1247.
[4] Taylor P J.Specification of the world city network[J]. Geographical Analysis,2010,33(2):181-194.
[5] Friedman B J.The world city hypothesis[J]. Development and Change,2010,17(1):69-83.
[6] Castells M.The Rise of Network Society[M]. Oxford:Blackwell,1996.
[7] 李小建. 公司地理论[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2003.
[8] 宁越敏,武前波. 企业空间组织与城市——区域发展[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2011.
[9] 盛科荣,张红霞,佀丹丹. 基于企业网络视角的城市网络研究进展与展望[J]. 人文地理,2018,33(2):11-17.
[10] Л. М.Синцеров,李志良. 汽车业的发展和世界经济[J]. 地理科学进展,1993,12(1):1-6.
[11] Holl A,Pardo R,Rama R.Just-in-time manufacturing systems,subcontracting and geographic proximity[J]. Regional Studies,2010,44(5):519-533.
[12] Lampón,J F,Cabanelas P,González-Benito,Javier. The impact of modular platforms on automobile manufacturing networks[J]. Production Planning & Control,2017,28(4):335-348.
[13] Frigant V,Layan J B.Modular production and the new division of labour within Europe:The perspective of French automotive parts suppliers[J]. European Urban and Regional Studies,2009,16(1):11-25.
[14] Abreu A R P,Beynon H,Ramalho J R. ‘The Dream Factory':VW's modular production system in Resende,Brazil[J]. Work,Employment and Society,2000,14(2):265-282.
[15] Frigant V,Lung Y.Geographical proximity and supplying relationships in modular production[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2002,26(4):742-755.
[16] Klier T H,Mcmillen D.Plant location patterns in the European automobile supplier industry[J]. Growth and Change,2015,46(4):558-573.
[17] Lampón J F,Lago-Peñas S,González-Benito J.International relocation and production geography in the European automobile components sector:The case of Spain[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2015,53(5):1409-1424.
[18] Marr P.The geography of the British motorcycle industry,1896-2004[J]. Journal of Transport History,2012,33(2):163-185.
[19] Boschma R A,Wenting R.The spatial ecolution of the British automobile industry:Does location matter?[J]. Industrial and Corpoate Change,2007,16(2):213-238.
[20] Kavilal E G,Shanmugam Prasanna Venkatesan,Joshi Sanket.An integrated interpretive structural modeling and a graph-theoretic approach for measuring the supply chain complexity in the Indian automotive industry[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,2018,29(3):478-514.
[21] Victor F.S.Sit,Weidong Liu. Restructuring and spatial change of China's auto industry under institutional reform and globalization[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2000,90(4):653-673.
[22] 刘卫东,薛凤旋. 论汽车工业空间组织之变化——生产方式转变的影响[J]. 地理科学进展,1998,17(2):1-14.
[23] 郑蕾,刘毅,刘卫东. 全球整车及其零部件贸易格局演化特征[J]. 地理科学,2016,36(5):662-670.
[24] 陈肖飞,苗长虹,潘少奇,等. 轮轴式产业集群内企业网络特征及形成机理——基于2014年奇瑞汽车集群实证分析[J]. 地理研究,2018,37(2):353-365.
[25] 甄峰,余洋,汪侠,等. 城市汽车服务业空间集聚特征研究:以南京市为例[J]. 地理科学,2016,32(10):1200-1208.
[26] 赵浚竹,孙铁山,李国平. 中国汽车制造业集聚与企业区位选择[J]. 地理学报,2014,69(6):850-862.
[27] 姜海宁,谷人旭,马远军,等. 欧美日企业文化差异及其对地方企业网络发展的影响——以汽车产业为例[J]. 经济地理,2013,33(7):22-28.
[28] 王成,王茂军,柴箐. 城市网络地位与网络权力的关系——以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例[J]. 地理学报,2015,70(12):1953-1972.
[29] Han W,Huang Y,Macbeth D.Performance measurement of cross-culture supply chain partnership:A case study in the Chinese automotive industry[J]. International Journal of Production Research,2018,56(7):2437-2451.
[30] 徐宁,李先德,李卫江. 中国新创汽车企业退出的空间格局及其影响因素研究[J]. 地理研究,2020,39(10):2295-2312.
[31] 滕堂伟. 从地方集群到集群网络:产业集群研究的国际前沿进展[J]. 甘肃社会科学,2015,219(6):177-181.
[32] Zachary N.Does world city network research need eigenvectors?[J].Urban Studies,2013,50(2):1-12.
[33] 王雪微,赵梓渝,曹卫东,等. 长三角城市群网络特征与省际边界效应——基于人口流动视角[J]. 地理研究,2021,40(6):1621-1636.
[34] Liu X,Derudder B,Liu Y.Regional geographies of intercity corporate networks:The use of exponential random graph models to assess regional network formation[J]. Papers in Regional Science,2015,94(1):109-126.
[35] 盛科荣,王云靓,樊杰. 中国城市网络空间结构的演化特征及机理研究——基于上市公司500强企业网络视角[J]. 经济地理,2019,39(11):84-93.
