Empirical Study:Impact of Tax Competition on Environmental Pollution in China
Received date: 2018-10-23
Revised date: 2019-03-31
Online published: 2025-04-27
Based on the industrial pollution data of 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China, this article establishes three-dimensional data table and measures China's environmental pollution emission intensity applying the extreme value entropy method, it sets up a panel regression model from the dual perspective of tax amount and structure and uses differential generalized moment estimation method to empirically test the impact of tax competition on environmental pollution. The main conclusions include: 1) The environmental pollution shows an upward trend in China from 2000 to 2016.The intensity of pollution emission was higher in the eastern region than that in the central and western regions before 2003, then, the environmental pollution has improved significantly in the eastern region; the pressure of environmental pollution has increased in the central region after 2005; the intensity of pollution emission showed an alternating upward and downward trend in the western region before 2012, the pressure of environmental pollution was higher in the western region recent years than that in the eastern and central regions. 2) From the perspective of total tax revenue, the intergovernmental tax competition has significantly restrained pollution emissions, which is a kind of "preferential competition". 3) From the perspective of tax structure, the value added tax competition has aggravated the deterioration of pollution, and enterprise income tax competition has effectively restrained pollution emissions. 4) In term of region, tax competition is low in the eastern region, and its impact on pollution emissions is not significant; tax competition has a significant impact on pollution emissions in the central and western regions. 5) From the point of view of government environmental control, tax competition between governments and interaction of government environmental protection policies significantly inhibit environmental pollution. This paper argues that it is imperative to reform the evaluation system of official promotion, improve the tax decentralization system and implement the differential tax policy.
TIAN Shizhong , ZHANG Haotian , LI Yuqing . Empirical Study:Impact of Tax Competition on Environmental Pollution in China[J]. Economic geography, 2019 , 39(7) : 194 -204 . DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2019.07.022
表1 税收竞争对环境污染的影响回归估计结果(1)Tab.1 Regression estimation of the impact of tax competition on environmental pollution(1) |
解释变量 | 总税收竞争 模型式(9) | 增值税竞争 模型式(10) | 企业所得税 竞争模型式(11) |
---|---|---|---|
T-COMit | -0.4103*** (0.064) | ||
Z-COMit | 0.0858*** (0.0253) | ||
Q-COMit | -0.0383*** (0.0034) | ||
ZFBHit | -21.3498*** (1.8126) | -14.1933*** (0.8665) | -18.79*** (1.5372) |
PGDPit | 0.0473*** (0.0004) | 0.0779*** (0.0056) | 0.0624*** (0.0093) |
INDit | 0.2202 (0.1482) | 0.0284 (0.1225) | 0.0918 (0.1469) |
R&Dit | -38.3342*** (6.9428) | -40.3698*** (4.8511) | -40.1503*** (7.6184) |
ENV(-1)it | 0.3465*** (0.0085) | 0.3558*** (0.0074) | 0.3652*** (0.0063) |
AR(1) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
AR(2) | 0.1745 | 0.2342 | 0.2187 |
SARGAN | 0.3596 | 0.2637 | 0.2656 |
表2 税收竞争对环境污染的影响回归估计结果(2)Tab.2 Regression estimation of the impact of tax competition on environmental pollution(2) |
解释变量 | 总税收竞争 模型式(12) | 增值税竞争 模型式(13) | 企业所得税竞争模型式(14) |
---|---|---|---|
T-COMit | -0.4100*** (0.0671) | ||
Z-COMit | 0.0876*** (0.0278) | ||
Q-COMit | -0.0396*** (0.0035) | ||
ZFBHit | -20.7434*** (0.0187) | -14.8310*** (1.3242) | -18.7153*** (1.5704) |
C&Zit | -35.7885** (5.6243) | -18.7880 (9.9518) | -14.3968*** (4.7441) |
PGDPit | 0.0483*** (0.0115) | 0.0830*** (0.0078) | 0.0618*** (0.0073) |
INDit | 0.1602 (0.1408) | 0.0490 (0.1629) | -0.1271 (0.1273) |
R&Dit | -37.5050*** (8.7306) | -42.2494*** (5.5441) | -41.6627*** (7.2003) |
ENV(-1)it | 0.3881*** (0.0086) | 0.3578*** (0.0083) | 0.3661*** (0.0073) |
AR(1) | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
AR(2) | 0.1581 | 0.3093 | 0.2564 |
SARGAN | 0.3248 | 0.2725 | 0.2262 |
表3 分地区税收竞争对环境污染影响的实证结果Tab.3 Empirical results of the impact of tax competition on environmental pollution in regions |
解释变量 | 总税收竞争模型式(9) | 增值税竞争模型式(10) | 企业所得税竞争模型式(11) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
东部 | 中部 | 西部 | 东部 | 中部 | 西部 | 东部 | 中部 | 西部 | |||
T-COMit | -0.0074 (0.0198) | -0.3501*** (0.0841) | -0.0974*** (0.0076) | ||||||||
Z-COMit | 0.3313** (0.1125) | 0.2349*** (0.0887) | 0.0975** (0.0193) | ||||||||
Q-COMit | -0.5083 (0.1140) | 0.0129*(0.0154) | -0.0148*** (0.0050) | ||||||||
ZFBHit | -2.770 (2.3509) | -30.0908 (9.4338) | -0.6021*** (0.1725) | -9.0464 (10.9353) | -0.2349*** (0.0887) | -4.3045 (0.8825) | -20.1501*** (11.1768) | -32.6390** (13.1796) | -1.3359*** (4.0247) | ||
PGDPit | 0.0274*** (0.0026) | 0.0579** (0.0188) | 0.0005*** (0.0001) | 0.0792*** (0.1000) | 0.0662*** (0.0184) | 0.0646*** (0.0046) | 0.0264** (0.0122) | 0.0815*** (0.0253) | 0.7180*** (0.0065) | ||
INDit | -0.5867*** (0.0914) | 1.21617*** (0.4235) | 0.0230 (0.0074) | -0.4320*** (0.9832) | 1.7337*** (0.3545) | 0.0446(0.00408) | 0.2607 (0.5013) | 1.3961*** (0.4214) | -0.3965*** (0.3168) | ||
R&Dit | -13.9912*** (2.5832) | -3.5402 (24.3895) | -0.3825*** (0.1370) | -55.6815 (76.9687) | -9.7987 (20.2132) | -47.03*** (9.4561) | -13.4300 (14.6516) | -2.7094 (12.9208) | -34.3672*** (1.2860) | ||
ENV(-1)it | 0.4445*** (0.2112) | 0.2478* (0.1088) | 0.2478*** (0.0076) | 0.2545 (0.3378) | 0.2327* (0.1218) | 0.6736*** (0.0092) | 0.2647* (0.1149) | 0.2647* (0.1149) | -0.6461*** (0.0086) | ||
AR(1) | 0.0001 | 0.0066 | 0.0014 | 0.0027 | 0.0005 | 0.0004 | 0.0027 | 0.0001 | 0.0044 | ||
AR(2) | 0.1682 | 0.35247 | 0.9760 | 0.7503 | 0.9761 | 0.6614 | 0.7503 | 0.3457 | 0.7668 | ||
SARGAN | 0.3664 | 0.0912 | 0.5658 | 0.3603 | 0.1890 | 0.5194 | 0.3415 | 0.1210 | 0.5816 |
表4 基于税负替代税收竞争变量的稳健性检验结果Tab.4 Robustness test results based on tax burden (replacing tax competition)variables |
解释变量 | 总税收竞争 模型式(9) | 增值税竞争 模型式(10) | 企业所得税竞争模型式(11) |
---|---|---|---|
T-COMit | -3.8692*** (0.4964) | ||
Z-COMit | 0.6342*** (0.2199) | ||
Q-COMit | -5.0429*** (0.0041) | ||
ZFBHit | -22.3064*** (0.9875) | -18.1518*** (1.0083) | -16.3563*** (0.7924) |
PGDPit | 0.1191*** (0.0183) | 0.0722*** (0.0092) | 0.0732*** (0.0077) |
INDit | 1.0740*** (0.1624) | 0.2096 (0.134) | 0.2725* (0.1391) |
R&Dit | -43.8276*** (7.7862) | -41.2141*** (6.4959) | -29.8614*** (4.7651) |
ENV(-1)it | 0.3465*** (0.0085) | 0.3646*** (0.0046) | 0.3603*** (0.0042) |
AR(1) | 0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.0001 |
AR(2) | 0.2616 | 0.1644 | 0.2187 |
SARGAN | 0.2008 | 0.2901 | 0.2656 |
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