The South China Sea Disputes:Toward a New Geopolitical and Economic Equilibrium
Received date: 2019-05-16
Revised date: 2019-09-15
Online published: 2025-04-18
As a measure for China to countervail the U.S. strategy of military and diplomatic "pivot" or "rebalance" toward Asia and to take a bigger role in global affairs, China's New Silk-Road Initiative is bound to evolve into, and to be decided by, a number of geopolitical games in the South China Sea. In this paper a three-player, non-cooperative game is constructed for policy-makers to handle the South China Sea disputes. Theoretically and analytically, conditions under which the strategy combination is a mutual deterrence (subgame perfect) equilibrium are examined. In this paper four typical cases-including: Ⅰ) the Scarborough Shoal standoff (April-June 2012), Ⅱ) the HYSY 981 drilling rig crisis (May-July 2014), Ⅲ) the US navigation incident (2015-), and Ⅳ) the long existing, though informal, scheme on shelving territorial disputes-are briefly narrated and, if necessary, quantitatively tested. My major analytical interest focuses the political and economic incentives for all the players involved in each case of the South China Sea disputes to reach a new mutual deterrence (subgame perfect) equilibrium.
GUO Rongxing , YANG Shu . The South China Sea Disputes:Toward a New Geopolitical and Economic Equilibrium[J]. Economic geography, 2019 , 39(10) : 22 -28 . DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2019.10.004
表1 南海岛屿和水域的声索现状Tab.1 Competing over the waters and islets at the South China Sea, by claimant |
声索国家或地区 | 南海海域 | 南沙岛屿 | 西沙群岛 |
---|---|---|---|
文莱 | UNCLOS | 1 (0) | 无 |
中国 | 九段线内 | 所有(9) | 所有 |
印度尼西亚 | UNCLOS | 无 | 无 |
马来西亚 | UNCLOS | 3(3) | 无 |
菲律宾 | UNCLOS | 大部分(8) | 无 |
中国台湾 | 九段线内 | 所有(1) | 所有(0) |
泰国 | 无 | 无 | 无 |
越南 | 大部分 | 大部分(29) | 所有(0) |
注:1.UNCLOS=联合国海洋法公约,包括海洋区域200海里专属经济区(EEZ)和/或大陆架原则;2.在括号内的数字是实际占领岛屿的数字;3.数据来源于South China Sea Territorial Issues. U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA),Washington DC (www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/South_China_Sea/SouthChinaSeaTerritorialIssues.html (accessed on April 14,2010)。 |
表2 南海争端产生影响的量化分析:案例Ⅰ和ⅡTab.2 Quantifying the impacts of the South China Sea disputes:Cases Ⅰ and Ⅱ |
指标 | 案例Ⅰ:菲律宾(2012年) | 案例Ⅱ:越南(2014年) | |
---|---|---|---|
年GDP增长率变化 | 3.10 | 0.60 | |
年双边旅游增 长率a | 来自中国 | -25.60 | -87.64 |
到中国 | -0.40 | 5.13 | |
来自美国 | 10.00 | -5.30 | |
到美国 | 30.00 | … | |
年双边进出口 增长率变化 | 来自中国 | -18.10 | -6.15 |
到中国 | 9.30 | -1.75 | |
来自美国 | 4.92 | -0.11 | |
到美国 | 2.43 | -9.81 | |
年双边直接投 资增长率变化 | 来自中国 | -72.88 | -608.75 |
到中国 | 37.19 | … | |
来自美国 | 9.26 | -5.78 | |
到美国 | 117.05 | -145.00b |
表3 亚太对中国和美国贸易依存度的变化(2010—2014年),%Tab.3 Changes of trade dependence on China and the U.S.(2010-2014),by trade partner,% |
贸易伙伴 | 中国a | 美国a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2014 | 变化 | 2010 | 2014 | 变化 | ||
澳大利亚 | 18.55 | 27.40 | 8.85 | 8.86 | 7.80 | -1.06 | |
文莱 | 9.02 | 13.73 | 4.71 | 1.19 | 4.12 | 2.93 | |
柬埔寨 | 12.07 | 15.46 | 3.39 | 20.57 | 13.06 | -7.50 | |
中国 | - | - | - | 15.36 | 13.73 | -1.64 | |
中国香港b | 18.78 | 23.01 | 4.24 | 2.51 | 2.86 | 0.35 | |
印尼 | 14.57 | 17.93 | 3.36 | 7.98 | 7.80 | -0.18 | |
日本 | 20.34 | 20.73 | 0.39 | 12.37 | 13.33 | 0.97 | |
中国澳门 | 34.84 | 29.99 | -4.85 | 5.64 | 4.02 | -1.62 | |
马来西亚 | 20.44 | 23.03 | 2.59 | 11.01 | 9.82 | -1.19 | |
菲律宾 | 25.25 | 34.29 | 9.04 | 13.97 | 14.34 | 0.38 | |
新加坡b | 10.10 | 12.36 | 2.25 | 5.58 | 4.81 | -0.77 | |
韩国 | 23.23 | 26.45 | 3.22 | 9.84 | 10.38 | 0.54 | |
中国台湾 | 27.65 | 33.74 | 6.08 | 11.77 | 11.44 | -0.33 | |
泰国 | 14.07 | 15.94 | 1.87 | 8.42 | 8.55 | 0.13 | |
美国 | 11.87 | 13.81 | 1.94 | - | - | - | |
越南 | 19.15 | 27.90 | 8.75 | 11.82 | 12.12 | 0.29 |
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