The Spatial Differentiation of Urban Shadow Educational Institutions and the Territorialization of Educational Resources: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
Received date: 2020-10-11
Revised date: 2021-04-22
Online published: 2025-04-17
Under the background of urban social spatial differentiation, school district is often used as a tool for the (re)production of social stratification and a spatial vehicle for the territorialization of educational resources. Although many researches have revealed this process, most of them do not involve the shadow education system. This paper explores the "interaction" between the shadow education system and the formal education system, and its influence and effect on the territorialization of educational resources by studying the spatial differentiation of shadow education institutions in Nanjing's main urban area, the degree of family participation in different school districts and its difference, and the competition among families in the informal education space. It's found that: (1) Shadow education institutions are highly concentrated around elite school districts, and their kernel density decreases gradually according to the school district level. (2) There are significant differences of family investment on shadow education institutions among different school districts so that advantaged families can transform and harvest more cultural capital in shadow education institutions to gain a competitive advantage. (3) The competition-oriented educational environment drives the expansion of shadow education institutions, while their symbolic connotations drive their differentiation. Beyond the institutional boundaries of the school district, shadow education further establishes market boundaries, which consolidates and strengthens the control of the urban elite over educational resources, and finally forms a new space for the territorialization of educational resources. The new space not only exacerbates educational segregation but also gradually extends the education-gentrification space to the commercial space.
LIU Chunhui , GU Yue , LIU Yu , SONG Weixuan . The Spatial Differentiation of Urban Shadow Educational Institutions and the Territorialization of Educational Resources: A Case Study of Nanjing, China[J]. Economic geography, 2021 , 41(5) : 155 -164 . DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2021.05.017
表1 2008与2018年教辅、非教辅机构的数量及其构核密度与学区等级的相关性Tab.1 The number of academic and non-academic institutions and their correlation between the kernel density and school district level in 2008 and 2018 |
| 年份 | 教辅机构 | 非教辅机构 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 数量(家) | 相关系数 | 数量(家) | 相关系数 | ||
| 2008 | 54 | 0.000 | 143 | 0.111 | |
| 2018 | 3 484 | 0.218** | 2 492 | 0.293** | |
注:**表示在0.01统计水平显著。 |
表2 2018年各类教辅与非教辅机构核密度与学区等级的相关性Tab.2 Correlation between the kernel density of various types of academic and non-academic institutions and school district level in 2018 |
| 综合 教辅 | 英语 教辅 | 技能类 非教辅 | 艺术类 非教辅 | 体育类 非教辅 | 综合类 非教辅 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 相关系数 | 0.282** | 0.137 | 0.119 | 0.355** | 0.196** | -0.062 |
注:**表示在0.01统计水平显著。 |
表3 不同等级学区家庭每学期在教辅与非教辅机构的资金投入(单位:万元)Tab. 3 The investment amount per semester of family in the different level of school districts on academic and non-academic institutions (unit: 10 000 RMB) |
| 机构分类 | 顶级 | 优质 | 较好 | 一般 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 教辅 | 4.09 | 4.11 | 2.07 | 0.73 |
| 非教辅 | 3.30 | 3.87 | 1.75 | 0.51 |
| 合计 | 7.39 | 7.98 | 3.82 | 1.24 |
表4 不同等级学区家庭每学期在教辅与非教辅机构的时间投入(单位:h)Tab.4 Time investment per semester of family in the different level of school districts on academic and non-academic institutions (unit: hour) |
| 时间 | 机构分类 | 顶级 | 优质 | 较好 | 一般 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 平时(每天) | 教辅 | 1.19 | 1.32 | 0.78 | 2.17 |
| 非教辅 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.51 | 0.21 | |
| 周末 | 教辅 | 3.14 | 4.77 | 3.01 | 1.22 |
| 非教辅 | 3.47 | 3.21 | 2.56 | 1.45 | |
| 合计 | 教辅 | 181.80 | 227.40 | 138.20 | 241.40 |
| 非教辅 | 157.40 | 155.20 | 102.20 | 50.00 |
注:不同学区家庭子女每学期在影子教育机构投入的时间总和以每学期20周计算。 |
表5 不同等级学区家庭在教辅与非教辅机构投入的单位时间成本(单位:元/h)Tab.5 Cost investment per hour of family in the different level of school districts on academic and non-academic institutions (unit: RMB/hour) |
| 机构分类 | 顶级 | 优质 | 较好 | 一般 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 教辅 | 225 | 181 | 150 | 30 |
| 非教辅 | 210 | 249 | 171 | 102 |
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