The economic center of gravity migration can reveal the temporal and spatial evolution of economic pattern, and is often used to study the direction of the national or regional economic development. Taking the 291 prefecture-level cities in China as the research unit, this paper depicts of the temporal and spatial evolution of China's economic center of gravity from 1996 to 2015 by used gravity model, and analyzes the causal relationship which the economic center of gravity changes and the population center of gravity distribution and the three industries center of gravity by used the granger causality test. The results show that: (1) In the past 20 years, the geographical coordinates of China's economic center of gravity have been changing in Anhui and Henan Province border region, the movement trajectory moving along the northeast→southwest→northwest→southwest direction, moving 31.93 kilometers to the west, moving speed showed the first slow after the fast features. (2) Population center of gravity is located on the west side of the economic center of gravity. In the early period (1999-2004) there was a certain degree of deviation, and the degree of deviation was narrowed in the later period (2004-2015). (3)The industrial structure has a significant impact on the economic center of gravity migration. The movement direction of primary industry's center of gravity is different from the economic center of gravity. The change trajectory of the second industry center of gravity is highly consistent with the economic center of gravity, which is the main driving force of China's economic center of gravity migration. The distance between the tertiary industry center of gravity and the economy center of gravity has been kept within 35km, and the influence of the tertiary industry on the relocation of the economic center of gravity has become more and more obvious in the past two years. (4) The evolution of economic center of gravity is related to the national macro-regional control policy, but there is a lag in time. Compared with the economic center of gravity, the population center of gravity response the national macroeconomic policy more timely.