The rapid development of urbanization affects the change of settlements size and its spatial distribution. Based on the data of settlement patches from 1972 to 2015, this paper takes the Kaifeng, Shangqiu and Zhoukou city as the study area, and both of the cities located in the Eastern Plain of Henan Province. Then by employing the urban rank-size rule, rural rank-size rule and spatial analysis method to analysis the characteristics change of settlements size in the less development agricultural plain area. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the total settlement size and the mean patch area of the study area increased from 1972 to 2015, while the settlements number was decreased. (2) The urban settlement size developed rapidly during the past forty years, the exponent of urban rank-size rule increased gradually, and the exponent increased considerably from 1995 to 2015. With the advancement of urbanization process, the advantages of urban settlements with larger size in the system were more prominent. (3) Meanwhile, the rural settlements conformed to the rural rank-size rule which has the characteristics of negative exponential distribution. Modeling results showed that the slope of the fitting curve had increased gradually since 1972, this indicated that the larger rural settlements size had steadily increased and the smaller settlements were decreased. (4) From 1972 to 2015, the larger settlement patches of the study area were more concentrated in the traffic nodes. (5) By dividing the settlements into different size level, and analyzing the nearest distance analysis of settlements in each level to the county or the urban district center, this paper found that the average distance of the settlements in different level at the same year to the center increased gradually from the Ⅰ-level to Ⅴ-level, this meat that the spatial relations of small settlements to the center was weaker than the larger settlements; and the average distance of the settlements in the same level at different year to the center decreased from the Ⅰ-level to Ⅴ-level, this would mean that the spatial relations of larger settlements to the center enhanced gradually. Under the background of urbanization and the strategy of rural revitalization, the analysis of characteristic change of the urban and rural settlements in the Eastern Plain of Henan Province can make certain reference significance to rational planning of urban and rural settlements, and also to promote the integration development of urban and rural areas.
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